Artículo I
| Author | Stephan Hobe |
| Pages | 42-76 |
— 42 —
I. Introduction
2. Regulation of other common spaces: Deep
Seabed / High Seas, Antarctica, and regulation
of airspace
II. Negotiation and Drafting History
III. Commentary
1. Scope of application: ‚outer space, including the
Moon and other celestial bodies‘
a) Physical scope of application: delimitation
‚celestial body‘
Addressees of obligations
2. Rights Granted
a) Freedom of exploration and use
b) Freedom of access
3. Limitation to Granted Rights
paragraph 1)
countries‘
c) ‚as the province of all mankind‘
Paragraph 3
e) Limitations Outside Article I
4. Legal Consequences of Article I paragraph 1
clause
b) Summary of Interpretation
c) Frequent State Practice as Means of
Interpretation
IV. Future Perspectives
Stephan Hobe
“The exploration and use of outer space, including the
Moon and other celestial bodies, shall be carried out for
shall be the province of all mankind.
Outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies,
shall be free for exploration and use by all States without
discrimination of any kind, on a basis of equality and in
accordance with international law, and there shall be free
access to all areas of celestial bodies.
space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies,
and States shall facilitate and encourage international co-
I. Introducción
2. Regulación de otros espacios comunes: fondos
marinos/alta mar, Antártida, y regulación del es-
II. Historia de las negociaciones y de la redacción
III. Comentario
1. Ámbito de aplicación: ‚el espacio ultraterrestre,
incluso la Luna y otros cuerpos celestes‘
a) Ámbito físico de aplicación: delimitación
de ‚cuerpo celeste‘
de las obligaciones
2. Derechos garantizados
a) Libertad de exploración y utilización
b) Libertad de acceso
3. Limitaciones de los derechos garantizados
párrafo 1)
-
ses‘
c) ‚Incumben a toda la humanidad‘
-
fo 3
e) Limitaciones más allá del Artículo I
4. Consecuencias jurídicas del Artículo I, párrafo 1
a) Carácter vinculante de la cláusula del ‚bene-
b) Interpretación de la disposición
c) Prácticas estatales frecuentes como medio
de interpretación
IV. Perspectivas futuras
Stephan Hobe
“La exploración y utilización del espacio ultraterrestre, in-
cluso la Luna y otros cuerpos celestes, deberán hacerse en
a toda la humanidad.
El espacio ultraterrestre, incluso la Luna y otros cuerpos celes-
tes, estará abierto para su exploración y utilización a todos los
Estados sin discriminación alguna en condiciones de igualdad
y en conformidad con el derecho internacional, y habrá liber-
tad de acceso a todas las regiones de los cuerpos celestes.
El espacio ultraterrestre, incluso la Luna y otros cuerpos
los Estados facilitarán y fomentarán la cooperación interna-
Article I Artículo I
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Documentos selectos
Tratado Antártico de 1959 (celebrado el 1 de diciembre de 1959,
entró en vigor el 23 de junio de 1961) 402 UNTS 71
Acuerdo que Debe Regir las Actividades de los Estados en la
diciembre de 1979, entró en vigor el 11 de julio de 1984)
1363 UNTS 3 (Acuerdo LUNA)
(celebrada el 10 de diciembre de 1982, entró en vigor el
16 de noviembre de 1994) 1833 UNTS 396 (CNUDM,
CDM,CONVEMAR)
Declaración de la Primera Reunión de Países Ecuatoriales
(Declaración de Bogotá) (adoptada el 3 de diciembre de
1976), reimpresa en Jasentuliyana, Nandasiri/Lee, Roy
S. K. (eds.), Manual on Space Law, Volumen II, Oceana
Publications, Nueva York 1979, pp. 383 y ss.
Res. AGNU 37/92, Principios que Han de Regir la Utilización por
Transmisiones Internacionales Directas por Televisión, de
10 de diciembre de 1982
Res. AGNU 41/65, Principios Relativos a la Teleobservación de la
Tierra desde el Espacio, de 3 de diciembre de 1986
Res. AGNU 51/122, Declaración sobre la Cooperación Internacional
en la Exploración y Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre
especialmente en cuenta las Necesidades de los Países en
Desarrollo, de 13 de diciembre de 1996
Bibliografía selecta
Baslar, Kemal, The Concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind
in International Law
pp. 70 y ss.
Benkö, Marietta/Schrogl, Kai-Uwe, The UN Committee on the
Peaceful Uses of Outer Space: Adoption of a Declaration on
, Zeitschrift
für Luft- und Weltraumrecht (46) 1997, pp. 228 ss.
Böckstiegel, Karl-Heinz, Die kommerzielle Nutzung des Weltraums, in:
Böckstiegel, Karl-Heinz (ed.), Handbuch des Weltraumrechts,
Carl Heymanns, Colonia 1991, pp. 277 y ss.
Christol, Carl Q., The International Law of Space Environment
Resources, Thesaurus Acroasium (19) 1981, pp. 579 y ss.
Christol, Carl Q., The Common Interest in the Exploration, Use and
Exploitation of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes: The
Soviet-American Dilemma, en: IISL, Proceedings of the
27th Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 7–13 October
1984 Lausanne (Switzerland), AIAA, 1985, pp. 281 y ss.
Christol, Carl Q., Outer Space Exploitability: International Law and
Developing Nations, Space Policy (6) 1990, pp. 146 y ss.
DeSaussure, Hamilton, The Application of Maritime Salvage to
the Law of Outer Space, en: IISL, Proceedings of the 28th
Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 7–12 October
1985 Stockholm (Sweden), AIAA, 1986, pp. 127 y ss.
Finarelli, Peggy/Pryke, Ian, Implementing international co-operation
in space exploration, Space Policy (22) 2006, pp. 23
Select Documents
1959 Antarctic Treaty (done 1 December 1959, entered into force
23 June 1961) 402 UNTS 71
Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and
other Celestial Bodies (done 18 December 1979, entered
into force 11 July 1984) 1363 UNTS 21 (MOON)
December 1982, entered into force 16 November 1994)
1833 UNTS 396 (UNCLOS)
Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries (Bogota
Declaration) (Adopted on 3 December 1976), reprinted in:
Jasentuliyana, Nandasiri/Lee, Roy S. K. (eds.), Manual on
Space Law, Volume II, Oceana Publications, New York
UNGA Res. 37/92, Principles Governing the Use by States
Television Broadcasting, 10 December 1982 (DBS
Principles)
UNGA Res. 41/65, Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the
Earth from Outer Space, 3 December 1986 (RS Principles)
UNGA Res. 51/122, Declaration on International Cooperation in the
the Interest of all States, Taking into Particular Account the
Needs of Developing Countries, 13 December 1996 (SB
Declaration)
Select Bibliography
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Benkö, Marietta/Schrogl, Kai-Uwe, The UN Committee on the
Peaceful Uses of Outer Space: Adoption of a Declaration
,
Böckstiegel, Karl-Heinz, Die kommerzielle Nutzung des Weltraums,
in: Böckstiegel, Karl-Heinz (ed.), Handbuch des
Christol, Carl Q., The International Law of Space Environment
Resources
Christol, Carl Q., The Common Interest in the Exploration, Use and
Exploitation of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes: The
Soviet-American Dilemma, in: IISL, Proceedings of the
27th Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 7–13 October
Christol, Carl Q., Outer Space Exploitability: International Law
and Developing Nations
DeSaussure, Hamilton, The Application of Maritime Salvage to
the Law of Outer Space, in: IISL, Proceedings of the 28th
Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 7–12 October
Finarelli, Peggy/Pryke, Ian, Implementing international co-operation
in space exploration, Space Policy (22) 2006, pp. 23
Article I Artículo I
— 44 —
Goedhuis, Daniel, Air Sovereignty and the Legal System of Outer Space,
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International Law Association, Londres 1960, pp. 272 y ss.
Hobe, Stephan, Die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen der
wirtschaftlichen Nutzung des Weltraums, Duncker &
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wirtschaftlichen Nutzung des Weltraums, Duncker &
Humblot, Berlin 1992
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Menschheit?, in: Dicke, Klaus/Hobe, Stephan (eds.),
Weltinnenrecht: Liber amicorum Jost Delbrück, Duncker
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Assessment of 40 Years of Development, in: IISL, Proceedings
of the 50th Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 24–28
Jakhu, Ram S., Legal issues Relating to the Global Public Interest
in Outer Space
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Revisited
Jasentuliyana, Nandasiri, Review of Recent Discussions Relating
to Aspects of Article I of the Outer Space Treaty, in: IISL,
Proceedings of the 32nd Colloquium on the Law of Outer
Jessup, Philip C./Taubenfeld, Howard J., Controls for Outer
Space and the Antarctica Analogy, Columbia University,
New York 1959
Kolosov, Yuri M., Relationship of International Air and Space
Law, in: IISL, Proceedings of the 20th Colloquium on
the Law of Outer Space, 25 Setember – 1 October 1977
Kopal, Vladimír,
of the Law of the Sea and the Law of Outer Space, in:
IISL, Proceedings of the 28th Colloquium on the Law of
Outer Space, 7–12 October 1985 Stockholm (Sweden),
Lyall, Fancis, Article I of the Outer Space Treaty and the
International Telecommunication Union, in: IISL,
Proceedings of the 46th Colloquium on the Law of
Outer Space, 29 September – 3 October 2003 Bremen
Pop, Virgiliu, A Celestial Body is a Celestial Body is a Celestial
Body…, in: IISL, Proceedings of the 44th Colloquium
on the Law of Outer Space, 1–5 October 2001 Toulouse
Wassenbergh, Henry A., Principles of Outer Space Law in
Hindsight
Williams, S. Maureen, The Exploitation and Use of Natural
Resources in the New Law of the Sea and the Law of Outer
Space, in: IISL, Proceedings of the 29th Colloquium on
the Law of Outer Space, 4–11 October 1986 Innsbruck
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die Entwicklung einer internationalen Verwaltung
für Antarktis, Weltraum, Hohe See und Meeresboden,
Springer, Heidelberg 1984
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