Artículo VII
| Author | Armel Kerrest, Lesley Jane Smith |
| Pages | 223-257 |
— 223 —
Article VII
I. Introduction
1. Responsibility and Liability
2. International State Liability
II. Negotiations and Drafting History
1. Negotiations on Liability
2. Preliminary Drafts on Liability
3. The 1963 Declaration
4. Consensus on Liability
III. Commentary
1. State Liability for Space Activities Under
International Law
2. Status and Scope of Article VII
a) Liability of Launching State
b) Concept of Launching State
c) The Concept of Launching State and Liability
of Launching State
3. Registration of Space Objects
4. Damage Caused by Space Object
c) Destination of object
d) Damage
5. Causation
a) Direct and Indirect Causation
6. Liability
a) Extent of Liability
b) General and Special Rules of Liability
7. Application of Treaty
a) Application in Practice
b) Claims Procedure and State Practice
1) Claims under Domestic Law
State on National Legislation
IV. Future Perspectives
Armel Kerrest, Lesley Jane Smith
Article VII
“Each State Party to the Treaty that launches or procures the
launching of an object into outer space, including the Moon
and other celestial bodies, and each State Party from whose
territory or facility an object is launched, is internationally
liable for damage to another State Party to the Treaty or to its
natural or juridical persons by such object or its component
parts on the Earth, in air space or in outer space, including
Artículo VII
I. Introducción
1. Responsibilidad de autorizar y supervisar, frente
a responsabilidad por daños
2. Responsabilidad internacional de los Estados
II. Historia de las negociaciones y de la redacción
1. Negociaciones referentes a la responsabilidad
2. Borradores preliminares sobre responsabilidad
3. La Declaración de 1963
4. Consenso acerca de la responsabilidad
III. Comentario
1. Responsabilidad estatal por las actividades
espaciales conforme al Derecho internacional
2. Situación y alcance del Artículo VII
a) Responsabilidad del Estado de lanzamiento
b) Concepto de Estado de lanzamiento
c) El Concepto de Estado de lanzamiento y la
responsabilidad por daños
d) El Grupo de Trabajo de UNCOPUOS sobre
el concepto de Estado de lanzamiento
3. Registro de objetos espaciales
a) Efectos del registro
4. Daño causado por un objeto espacial
c) Destino del objeto
d) Daños
5. Causación
a) Causación directa e indirecta
6. Responsabilidad
a) Alcance de la responsabilidad
b) Normas generales y especiales de responsabilidad
7. Aplicación del Tratado
a) Aplicación en la práctica
b) Procedimiento de reclamaciones y práctica
estatal
1) Reclamaciones de Derecho interno
2) Efectos de la responsabilidad del Estado de
lanzamiento sobre la legislación nacional
IV. Perspectivas futuras
Armel Kerrest, Lesley Jane Smith
Artículo VII
“Todo Estado Parte en el Tratado que lance o promueva el
lanzamiento de un objeto al espacio ultraterrestre, incluso
la Luna y otros cuerpos celestes, y todo Estado Parte en
el Tratado, desde cuyo territorio o cuyas instalaciones se
lance un objeto, será responsable internacionalmente de los
daños causados a otro Estado Parte en el Tratado o a sus
personas naturales o jurídicas por dicho objeto o sus partes
Article VII Artículo VII
— 224 —
Documentos selectos
el 23 de mayo de 1969, entró en vigor el 27 de enero de
1980) 1155 UNTS 331
Doc. A/4141, 14 de julio de 1959
Doc. A/AC.105/C.2/SR.5, 21 de agosto de 1962
Doc. A/AC.105/L.2, 10 de septiembre de 1962
Doc. A/AC.105/L.5, 1962
Res. AGNU 1802 (XVII), Cooperación internacional para la
de 14 de diciembre de 1962
Res. AGNU 1962 (XVIII), Declaración de los Principios Jurídicos
que Deben Regir las Actividades de los Estados en la
Exploración y Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre, de
13 de diciembre de 1963
Doc. A/AC.105/PV.37, 2 de febrero de 1966
Doc. A/AC.105/PV.47, 17 de abril de 1967
Doc. A/AC.105/PV.98-99, 10 de noviembre de 1971
Res. AGNU 2777 (XXVI), Convenio sobre la responsabilidad
internacional por daños causados por objetos espaciales
(Anexo), de 29 de noviembre de 1971
Doc. A/AC.105/787, 19 de abril de 2002, Anexo IV
Doc. A/AC.105/19, 26 de marzo de 1964, Anexo II
Canal de Corfú (Reino Unido c. Albania) [1949] CIJ, Reports 4
Arbitraje en el caso Trail Smelter (EEUU c. Canadá) [1938 y
1941] III UNRIAA 1905
Reclamación por causa del Cosmos 954 (Canadá c. URSS) [1979]
18 ILM 899
Australia: Ley de Actividades Espaciales, Ley nº 123 de 1998,
Actividades Espaciales (Acuerdo Bilateral) de 2001 y por
la Ley de Enmienda de la Ley de Actividades Espaciales
de 2002
de vuelo, o guiado de objetos espaciales’ (17 de septiembre
de 2005)
Francia: Ley de Operaciones Espaciales (Ley nº 2008-518)
Hong Kong, República Popular China: Ordenanza sobre el
espacio ultraterrestre (1999), nº 55/1999
Federación de Rusia: Ley sobre la Actividad Espacial (20 de
agosto de 1993)
Sudáfrica: Ley de Asuntos del Espacio, Ley nº 84 (2 de julio de
1993)
Suecia: Ley de Actividades Espaciales (1982)
Reino Unido: Ley del Espacio (1986)
Comerciales, 2004 51 U.S.C. 3974, Ley Pública 108-492
(23 de diciembre de 2004) 108º Congreso
Bibliografía selecta
Bender, Ralf, Space Transport Liability – National and
International Aspects, Kluwer Law International, La Haya
1995
Benkö, Marietta/Schrogl, Kai-Uwe (eds.), Space Law: Current
Problems and Perspectives For Future Regulation,
Eleven, Utrecht 2005
Select Documents
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (done 23 May 1969,
entered into force 27 January 1980) 1155 UNTS 331
UN Doc. A/4141, 14 July 1959 / Doc. A/4141, 14 de julio de 1959
UN Doc. A/AC.105/C.2/SR.5, 21 August 1962
UN Doc. A/AC.105/L.2, 10 September 1962
UN Doc. A/AC.105/L.5, 1962
UNGA Res. 1802 (XVII), International co-operation in the
peaceful uses of outer space, 14 December 1962
UNGA Res. 1962 (XVIII), Declaration of Legal Principles
Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and
Uses of Outer Space, 13 December 1963 (1963 Principles
Declaration)
UN Doc. A/AC.105/PV.37, 2 February 1966
UN Doc. A/AC.105/PV.47, 17 April 1967
UN Doc. A/AC.105/PV.98-99, 10 November 1971
UNGA Res. 2777 (XXVI), Convention on International Liability
for Damage Caused by Space Objects, 29 November
1971, Annex
UN Doc. A/AC.105/787, 19 April 2002, Annex IV
UN Doc. A/AC.105/19, 26 March 1964, Annex II
The Corfu Channel Case (UK v. Albania) [1949] ICJ Rep 4
Trail Smelter Arbitration (USA v. Canada) [1938 and 1941] III
UNRIAA 1905
Cosmos 954 Claim (Canada v. USSR) [1979] 18 ILM 899
Australia: Space Activities Act 1998 Act No 123 of 1998, amended
by the Space Activities Amendment (Bilateral Agreement)
Act 2001 and the Space Activities Amendment Act 2002
de Vol ou de Guidage (Loi Spatiale) (17 September 2005)
France: Act on Space Operations (Act n° 2008–518)
Hong Kong SAR, PR China: Outer Space Ordinance 1999 Gazette
number 55/1999
Russia: The Law of the Russian Federation about Space Activity
(20 August 1993)
Sweden: Act on Space Activities (1982)
United Kingdom: Outer Space Act (1986)
United States of America: Commercial Space Launch
Amendments Act of 2004 51 U.S.C. 3974 Public Law
108–492 (23 December 2004) 108th Congress
Select Bibliography
Bender, Ralf, Space Transport Liability – National and
International Aspects, Kluwer Law International, The
Hague 1995
Benkö, Marietta/Schrogl, Kai-Uwe (eds.), Space Law: Current
Problems and Perspectives For Future Regulation,
Eleven, Utrecht 2005
Article VII Artículo VII
— 225 —
Böckstiegel, Karl-Heinz (ed.), Handbuch des Weltraumrechts,
Carl Heymanns, Colonia 1991
Brownlie, Ian, Principles of Public International Law, 7th edn.,
Oxford University Press, Oxford 2008
Cheng, Bin, International responsibility and liability for launch activities,
Annals of Air and Space Law (XX) 1995, pp. 300 y ss.
Cheng, Bin, Article VI of the 1967 Space Treaty Revisited:
pp. 7 y ss.
Christol, Carl Q., International Liability for Damage caused by Space
Objects, American Journal of International Law (74) 1980,
pp. 346 y ss.
Christol, Carl Q., Space Law – Past, Present and Future, Kluwer
Law Publishers, Deventer 1991
of States before the United Nations Committee on the
peaceful uses of Outer Space and some suggestions, en:
IISL, Proceedings of the 6th Colloquium on the Law
of Outer Space, 26–28 September 1963 Paris (France),
AIAA, 1964, pp. 3 y ss.
Diederiks-Verschoor, I. H. Philepina/Kopal, Vladimír, An
Introduction to Space Law, 3rd rev. edn., Kluwer Law
International, La Haya 2008
Gorove, Stephen, Liability in Space: An Overview, Annals of Air
and Space Law (VIII) 1983, pp. 373 y ss.
Gorove, Stephen, Developments in Space Law, Kluwer Law
International, La Haya 1991
and Future Perspectives, Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht 2001
Space law over the next Thirty Years, Essays Published
for the 30th Anniversary of the Outer Space Treaty,
Kluwer Law International, La Haya 1997
Lee, Ricky J., Liability Arising from Art VI Outer Space Treaty:
States, Domestic Law and Private Operators, en: IISL,
Proceedings of the 48th Colloquium on the Law of Outer
Space, 17 –21 October 2005 Fukuoka (Japan), AIAA,
2006, pp. 216 y ss.
Maniatis, Dimitri, The Law Governing Liability for Damage
caused by Space Objects: From State Responsibility to
Private Liability, Annals of Air and Space Law (XXII)
1997, pp. 369 y ss.
Schrogl, Kai-Uwe/Hedman, Niklas, The Results of the
UNCOPUOS Legal Subcommittee Working Group
on “Practice of States and International Organizations
Proceedings of the 50th Colloquium on the Law of Outer
Space, 24–28 September 2007 Hyderabad (India), AIAA,
2008, pp. 514 y ss.
Vlasic, Ivan A., The Space Treaty: A Preliminary Evaluation,
Californian Law Review (55) 1967, pp. 507 y ss.
Wins, Elmar, Weltraumhaftung im Völkerrecht, Duncker &
Humblot, Berlín 2000
Böckstiegel, Karl-Heinz (ed.), Handbuch des Weltraumrechts,
Carl Heymanns, Cologne 1991
Brownlie, Ian, Principles of Public International Law, 7th edn.,
Oxford University Press, Oxford 2008
Cheng, Bin, International responsibility and liability for launch
Cheng, Bin, Article VI of the 1967 Space Treaty Revisited:
Christol, Carl Q., International Liability for Damage caused by Space
Objects, American Journal of International Law (74) 1980,
Christol, Carl Q., Space Law – Past, Present and Future, Kluwer
Law Publishers, Deventer 1991
of States before the United Nations Committee on the
peaceful uses of Outer Space and some suggestions, in:
IISL, Proceedings of the 6th Colloquium on the Law
of Outer Space, 26–28 September 1963 Paris (France),
Diederiks-Verschoor, I. H. Philepina/Kopal, Vladimír, An
Introduction to Space Law, 3rd rev. edn., Kluwer Law
International, The Hague 2008
Gorove, Stephen, Liability in Space: An Overview, Annals of Air
Gorove, Stephen, Developments in Space Law, Kluwer Law
International, The Hague 1991
and Future Perspectives, Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht 2001
Space law over the next Thirty Years, Essays Published
for the 30th Anniversary of the Outer Space Treaty,
Kluwer Law International, The Hague 1997
Lee, Ricky J., Liability Arising from Art VI Outer Space Treaty:
States, Domestic Law and Private Operators, in: IISL,
Proceedings of the 48th Colloquium on the Law of Outer
Space, 17 –21 October 2005 Fukuoka (Japan), AIAA,
Maniatis, Dimitri, The Law Governing Liability for Damage
caused by Space Objects: From State Responsibility to
Private Liability, Annals of Air and Space Law (XXII)
Schrogl, Kai-Uwe/Hedman, Niklas, The Results of the
UNCOPUOS Legal Subcommittee Working Group
on “Practice of States and International Organizations
Proceedings of the 50th Colloquium on the Law of Outer
Space, 24–28 September 2007 Hyderabad (India), AIAA,
Vlasic, Ivan A., The Space Treaty: A Preliminary Evaluation,
Wins, Elmar, Weltraumhaftung im Völkerrecht, Duncker &
Humblot, Berlin 2000
To continue reading
Request your trial