Artículo II
| Author | Ram Jakhu, Steven Freeland |
| Pages | 77-111 |
— 77 —
I. Introduction
II. Negotiation and Drafting History
III. Commentary
1. Methodology for Interpretation
2. Analysis of the Terms of Article II
a) ‚National Appropriation‘
b) ‚Claim of Sovereignty‘
c) ‚Use or Occupation‘
d) ‚Any Other Means‘
3. Non-Appropriation under Article II as a Rule of
Customary International Law
a) Claim of State Sovereignty over Parts of the
Geostationary Orbit
b) Private Claim for the Placing of a Satellite
on an Asteroid
c) Private Sale of Plots on the Moon
4. Implications of the Meaning of Article II
IV. Future Perspectives
1. Natural Resources of the Moon and the MOON
2. The Geostationary Orbit and the ITU Regulatory
Regime
3. Natural Resources of the Deep Sea-Bed and
UNCLOS
4. Assessment of the Three Models
V. Conclusion
Ram Jakhu, Steven Freeland
“Outer space, including the moon and other celestial
bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of
sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other
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Christol, Carl Q., Article 2 of the 1967 Principles Treaty Revisited,
I. Introducción
II. Historia de las negociaciones y de la redacción
III. Comentario
1. Metodología para la interpretación
2.
a) ‘Apropiación nacional’
b) ‘Reivindicación de soberanía’
c) ‘Uso u ocupación’
d) ‘Ni de ninguna otra manera’
3. No apropiación en virtud del Artículo II como
norma de Derecho internacional consuetudinario
a) Reclamaciones de soberanía estatal sobre
partes de la órbita geoestacionaria
b) Reclamación privada por la colocación de
c) Venta privada de parcelas en la Luna
4.
IV. Perspectivas futuras
1. Recursos naturales de la Luna y el Acuerdo
sobre la Luna
2.
de la UIT
3. Recursos naturales de los fondos marinos y la
4. Valoración de los tres modelos
V. Conclusión
Ram Jakhu, Steven Freeland
“El espacio ultraterrestre, incluso la Luna y otros cuerpos
celestes, no podrá ser objeto de apropiación nacional por
reivindicación de soberanía, uso u ocupación, ni de ningu-
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Tourism and its Impact on the International Law of Outer
Space
Freeland, Steven,
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in: Hobe, Stephan/Schmidt-Tedd, Bernhard/Schrogl,
Kai-Uwe, Project 2001 Plus – Global and European
Challenges for Air and Space Law at the Edge of the 21st
Century
Goedhuis, Daniel, Legal Aspects of the Utilization of Outer
Space, Netherlands International Law Review (17) 1970,
Goedhuis, Daniel, Some Recent Trends in the Interpretation and
the Implementation of the Rules of International Space
Law, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law (19) 1981,
Gorove, Stephen, Interpreting Article II of the Outer Space Treaty,
Harris, David J., Cases and Materials on International Law, 6th
Hertzfeld, Henry R./von der Dunk, Frans G., Bringing Space
Law into the Commercial World: Property Rights without
Sovereignty, Chicago Journal of International Law (6)
Hobe, Stephan, Adequacy of the Current Legal and Regulatory
Framework Relating to the Extraction and Appropriation
of Natural Resources, in: Institute of Air and Space Law,
McGill University, Policy and Law Relating to Outer
Space Resources: Examples of the Moon, Mars, and other
Celestial Bodies, Workshop Proceedings (28–30 June
Jakhu, Ram S., Safeguarding the Concept of Public Service and the
Global Public Interest in Telecommunications, Singapore
Journal of International and Comparative Law (5) 2001,
Jakhu, Ram S., Twenty Years of the Moon Agreement: Space Law
Challenges for Returning to the Moon, Zeitschrift für
Keefe, Heidi, Making the Final Frontier Feasible: A Critical
Look at the Current Body of Outer Space Law, Santa
Clara Computer and High Technology Law Journal (11)
Kopal, Vladimír, Comments on the issue of “Adequacy of the
Current Legal and Regulatory Framework Relating to the
Extraction and Appropriation of Natural Resources”, in:
Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University, Policy
and Law Relating to Outer Space Resources: Examples
of the Moon, Mars, and other Celestial Bodies, Workshop
Matte, Nicolas M., Aerospace Law: Telecommunications
Satellites
Riddick, Don, Why does Tonga own Outer Space?, Annals of Air
Shaw, Malcolm N., International Law, 6th edn., Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge 2008
Sterns, Patricia M./Tennen, Leslie I.,
on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies: Debunking the
Myth of Property Rights in Space, in: IISL Proceedings of
the 45th Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 10–19
Article II Artículo II
— 79 —
Thomas, Jonathan, Privatization of Space Ventures: Proposing
a Proven Regulatory Theory for Future Extraterrestial
Appropriation, International Law and Management
Review (1) 2005, pp. 191 y ss.
Valters, Erik N., Perspectives in the Emerging Law of Satellite
Communications, Stanford Journal of International
Studies (5) 1970, pp. 53 y ss.
Williams, S. Maureen, The Principle of Non-Appropriation
Concerning Resources of the Moon and Celestial bodies,
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of Outer Space, 4–10 October 1970 Constance (Germany),
AIAA, 1971, pp. 157 y ss.
Thomas, Jonathan, Privatization of Space Ventures: Proposing
a Proven Regulatory Theory for Future Extraterrestial
Appropriation, International Law and Management
Valters, Erik N., Perspectives in the Emerging Law of Satellite
Communications, Stanford Journal of International
Williams, S. Maureen, The Principle of Non-Appropriation
Concerning Resources of the Moon and Celestial bodies,
in: IISL, Proceedings of the 13th Colloquium on the Law
of Outer Space, 4–10 October 1970 Constance (Germany),
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