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Las agencias reguladoras europeas: perspectiva institucional
Author | Manuel Szapiro |
Profession | Task Forcé Avenir de l'UE, Secrétariat General, Commission européenne. IV. Congreso Eurolatinoamencano sobre integración (14-15 de abril de 2004), Granada. |
Pages | 397-404 |
Page 399
No me extenderé demasiado ya que mi manejo del español oral es aleatorio, de modo que les ahorraré un largo discurso sobre las agencias reguladoras europeas. Solamente quiero poner de relieve en esta presentación la principal problemática que nos ocupa a nivel europeo, sobre la delegación de competencia a agencias reguladoras comunitarias. Para tratar estas cuestiones con mayor libertad, les hablaré no en nombre de la institución a la que pertenezco, sino en el mío propio, especialmente durante la primera parte de mi intervención.
¿Qué es una agencia reguladora? la Comunicación de la Comisión de diciembre de 2002 nos da una amplia definición -cito textualmente: «la noción de agencia reguladora europea designa las agencias encargadas de participar de manera activa en el ejercicio de la función ejecutiva, mediante actos que contribuyen a la regulación de un sector determinado»-. Actualmente existen 17 agencias comunitarias autónomas que podrían encajar en esa definición. Entre las más recientes podría citar la Agencia Europea de Seguridad Aérea, la Agencia Europea de Seguridad Marítima, la Autoridad Europea de Seguridad Alimentaria, la Agencia de Seguridad de la Información y de las Redes, y la última en crearse, la Agencia Ferroviaria Europea. Se prevé la creación de otras agencias en los próximos meses o semanas, como el Centro para la prevención y el control de las enfermedades transmisibles, la Agencia de productos químicos, la Agencia Europea para la gestión de la cooperación en las fronteras exteriores, la Agencia de control de la pesca y quizás olvide alguna. Esta lista es prueba del reciente aumento en la creación de agencias reguladoras, y es a la vista de esta abundancia de iniciativas cuando la cuestión de un encuadramiento común cobra toda su importancia.
Page 400
Efectivamente, en ausencia de principios directores para la creación y el control de las agencias reguladoras, cada organismo descentralizado está sujeto a reglas específicas que son resultado de negociaciones sectoriales particulares. Así, las agencias existentes se caracterizan no sólo por su número sino también por su diversidad. Diversidad de tareas, que van desde la redacción de estudios a la adopción de decisiones individuales, pasando por la formulación de apreciaciones científicas, la animación de redes, la asistencia técnica y el poder de inspección. Diversidad de nombres que no corresponden necesariamente con las tareas confiadas: observatorios, oficinas, fundaciones, institutos, centros, agencias, autoridades. Diversidad, en fin, en la organización interna de estas agencias con un control variable de la Comisión y de otras instituciones. Haré referencia a ello más tarde.
Este rápido vistazo al escenario de las agencias me lleva a concluir que la apuesta por un encuadramiento común es no solamente la...
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