Artificial intelligence and the development of deepfake technologies as modern threats to human rights

• Author: Norbert Tulak
• Pages: 199-216

199



of deepfake technologies as modern threats

to human rights

Norbert Tułak1



1. INTRODUCTION

For over 70 years, artificial intelligence (AI) has fascinated representatives of

many fields of science such as medicine, social sciences, technical sciences or law, as

well as representatives of the scientific fantasy circle. The development of Artificial

Intelligence is also seen as the basis for the upcoming fourth industrial revolution (the

so-called Industry 4.0), enabling the introduction of breakthrough changes to most

branches of the economy2. Thus, the development of this technology is considered

today to be one of the most important attributes responsible for socio-economic

change, and is the subject of many public and scientific debates3. Artificial

intelligence technology is expected to affect all areas related to the improvement of

the quality of human life, finding application in medical diagnostics, transport, trade

and even the organisation of entire smart cities 4.

1 ORCID: 0000-0001-9213-4505

2 Rojszczak, M. „       , in:

Sztuczna inteligencja, blockchain, cyberbezpieczestwo oraz dane osobowe, zagadnienia wybrane,

Flaga-Gieruszyska, K. Gołaczyski, J. Szostek, D. C.H.Beck, Warsaw 2019, p. 44.

3 Zalewski, T. „ , in: Prawo sztucznej inteligencji,

Lai, L. wierczyski, M. C.H. Beck, Warsaw 2020, p. 67.

4 Rojszczak, M. „, Op. Cit., p. 44.

N T

200

The beginnings of the deliberations on artificial intelligence remember the

first half of the last century, but the technology available at that time only allowed

the formulation of theoretical analyses. From today’s perspective, the idea of

artificial intelligence as a rational machine or robot using an electronic brain seems

to be incorrect and outdated5. At present, the evolution of artificial intelligence

systems is most often linked to computer systems that are capable of analysing

large amounts of data, categorising them and defining their repetitiveness in order

to make decisions on this basis without human intervention. Such algorithms are

able to “learn” from analysed data and optimise the decision-making process,

constantly expanding databases and knowledge6. Systems operating on this

basis are referred to as weak artificial intelligence, different from strong artificial

intelligence, which is attributed to the ability to think in an unsymmetrical way,

and thus to intelligence conscious of its existence7. To date, all solutions have

been based on poor artificial intelligence, and according to many scientists there

is no valid reason to believe that man will ever create a machine with his own

personality8.

2. DEFINITION PROBLEMS

The correct reasoning of divergent concepts concerning artificial

intelligence systems is crucial from the point of view of discourse in legal

science. Despite the huge number of publications and debates on the subject,

it has not yet been possible to draw up a single generally accepted definition of

the term ‘artificial intelligence’9. The definition doubts boil down to the tacit

assumption of the participants in the discussion that each of them understands the

term in the same way, but in practice the concepts of weak and strong artificial

intelligence are often confused10. The problems in defining the term artificial

intelligence are based on the lack of a clear and precise definition of intelligence

itself11. According to William Stern, intelligence is intelligence: “the general

5 Ibidem.

6 Zalewski, T. „, Op. Cit., p. 70.

7 Ibidem.

8 Róanowski, K. Sztuczna inteligencja: Rozwój, szanse i zagroenia.”, Zeszyty Naukowe

Warszawskiej Wyszej Szkoły Informatyki, 2007, No. 2, p. 133.

9 Rojszczak, M. „, Op. Cit, p. 46.

10 Zalewski, T. „, Op. Cit., p. 67.

11 Róanowski, K. Sztuczna inteligencja…”, Op. Cit., p. 110.