Los derechos humanos como mecanismo social UN ENFOQUE FRANCÉS

AuthorBernard Dumont
Pages97-110
LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS COMO
MECANISMO SOCIAL
UN ENFOQUE FRANCÉS
Bernard Dumont
Revista Catholica (París)
1. Introducción
La historia de los derechos humanos muestra que, si bien se inspiran en
el espíritu general de la Ilustración y de la filosofía moderna en general, son
ante todo una construcción ideológica, un conjunto de ideas destinadas a
apoyar una práctica. Hay que añadir que esta construcción se ha desarrolla-
do y transformado a lo largo del tiempo según las modalidades que la socio-
logía analítica denomina «mecanismo social».
Este último término se refiere a los procesos de cambio colectivo en el
ámbito de las ideas recibidas, las modas, el lenguaje y el comportamiento,
procesos descritos como un agregado de causas y efectos que se desarrollan
en el tiempo. Su análisis ha dado lugar últimamente a complejas teorizacio-
nes científicas 1. Sin embargo, la misma expresión puede utilizarse, sin este
enfoque teórico, para identificar las etapas y los métodos de un cambio en
las mentalidades, en los «valores» aceptados dentro de una sociedad, etc.
Este es el caso de los derechos humanos, que deben considerarse desde su
concepción original hacia finales del siglo XVIII y hasta la actualidad.
En cuanto a éstos, podemos tomar como punto de partida la prototípica
Declaración de 1789 2, con sucesivas formulaciones que no cambian nada
en lo esencial, para luego examinar el tema de los derechos, que van amplian-
1Véase, por ejemplo, para un enfoque general, Alexis T, Sociologie des chan-
gements sociaux, París, La Découverte, 2006, especialmente el capítulo 2, «Changement so-
cial et théories sociologiques».
2 Esta Declaración, que no es ni mucho menos la única, desempeñó un importante pa-
pel simbólico al ser proclamada casi al inicio del proceso de la Revolución Francesa, con
toda su desafortunada ejemplaridad.

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