Prólogo a cargo de Gregorio Peces-Barba
Author | Alberto Iglesias Garzón |
Pages | 9-12 |
Page 9
Jueces y Leyes, entre el Absolutismo y la Codificación
deriva de materiales de la tesis doctoral de Alberto Iglesias sobre el pensamiento jurídico de Jean Domat. Estamos ante un estudio que se refiere al Derecho moderno, en sus dos momentos centrales el Derecho en la monarquía absoluta francesa y después de la codificación de 1804, con una dedicación importante al periodo de transición de paso de una época a otra con las reformas de su administración de justicia desde la Ordenanza de 1667 hasta el Código, pasando por el periodo revolucionario a partir de 1789. Naturalmente que en ese último periodo liberal democrático, será central la idea de separación de poderes, que marcará decisivamente en este tema la distinción entre jurisprudencia y legislación. En Jean Domat vinculado todavía a la cultura jurídica preliberal, aunque muy abierto, como precursor, las «Leyes Civiles» tiene prioridad sobre «El Derecho público» que es la continuación del Derecho Privado.
La Administración de Justicia conservaba en el Antiguo régimen un ámbito local, rural y regional con una planta jurisdiccional que comprendía a jueces de primera instancia frente a cuyos fallos cabía recurso a bailios, senescales, Cortes de Asises o Cortes de Monedas. Después estaban las Cortes soberanas como los Parlamentos, que eran órganos jurisdiccionales, la Cámara de Cuentas y el Gran Consejo del Rey que no tenían recurso posterior, ni siquiera ante el Rey, por ser soberanas.
Page 10
Era muy complejo obtener jurisprudencia homogénea en todo el Reino, y esto sólo sería posible bien entrado el siglo XVIII, y de manera paralela a la reforma que sometió al juez a la ley del legislador nacional. Los intentos del absolutismo borbónico de homogeneizar el Derecho y la administración de justicia chocaban con la idea constitucional de la pluralidad jurídica medieval, que se entendía como un límite al poder basado en conservar las libertades no declaradas del pueblo francés. También era una dificultad seria el que las normas generales tenían que ser registradas por los Parlamentos con lo que las intervenciones soberanas en el ámbito del Derecho Privado podían ser interferidas desde éstos. En todo caso no siempre estuvo some-tido y nunca exento a las leyes del Derecho Natural y de la seguridad. Bodino construye la competencia general del soberano para dar leyes «a todos en general y a cada uno en par ticular» que comprendía la legislación relativa al Derecho privado. Entre las...
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- Jueces y Leyes, entre el Absolutismo y la Codificación
- Prólogo a cargo de Gregorio Peces-Barba
- Introducción
- Independencia y legitimidad judicial en el Antiguo Régimen francés
- La pretensión de reforma de la administración de justicia hasta el Código Civil
- La doctrina jurídica civilista: el caso de Jean Domat
- Código y metodología entre el iusnaturalismo y el positivismo jurídico
- Conclusiones
- Bibliografía
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