La Analogía Iuris
Author | Enrique Acosta Pumarejo |
Pages | 48-52 |
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No existe un único concepto de analogía, sino varios conceptos que tienen en común la idea de semejanza o similitud. Las dos más significativas son: 1) la analogía como proporción como semejanza entre proporciones y 2) la analogía como argumento que permite pasar de lo particular a lo particular, de lo semejante a lo semejante. Existe además otra clase de analogía, 3) como atributos que se predica de ciertos conceptos que no son unívocos ni equivocas( la analogía como atribución de los escolásticos); para referirse a esta tercera noción ( la analogía como relación de semejanza no como semejanza de relaciones) hoy se suele emplear otras expresiones, como «conceptos imprecisos», conceptos borrosos, tipos o «conceptos vagos»142 Según Atienza, cuando los juristas hablan de analogía se refieren a la segunda concepción referida, en relación con la interpretación y aplicación del Derecho. No
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obstante, el razonamiento de analogía presupone la existencia de una analogía en alguno de los otros sentidos mencionados. De no hacerse especificidad alguna al referirse a “analogía” se debe entender el segundo de los conceptos. La analogía como proporción, como semejanza entre relaciones, es relevante en los procesos de descripción y explicación del Derecho, es decir, en el plano del conocimiento jurídico.143 Por otra parte, nos indica que, que el razonamiento por analogía no tiene una naturaleza estrictamente lógica, desde la perspectiva de la llamada la lógica formal. En ésta siempre entra un componente axiológico que es imposible de reducir a un sistema de lógica.
Ya dese Platón y Aristóteles se utilizaba el término en una concepción de proporción matemática. El término designo, en la Edad Media, un tipo de interpretación consistente en tratar de eliminar las aparentes contradicciones existentes en un cuerpo legal confrontando las distintas leyes entre sí, procedimiento que no coincide con el actual. Desde mediados del siglo XVIII, se empieza a utilizar la expresión analogía uiris en el sentido de colmar las lagunas. Algo más tarde aparece la expresión analogía legis, sentido actual, es decir, la extensión de la solución provista por la ley para un caso determinado a otro caso no previsto para ella144. Cuando esta se realiza en aplicación al contexto jurídico, se está haciendo referencia, indica Talavera, a un procedimiento argumentativo que parte de un estudio comparativo entre dos situaciones jurídicas, permitiendo la traslación de...
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