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- La Institucionalización Del Poder
La institucionalización del poder
Pages | 203-206 |
Page 203
El carácter tan definido que adquiere la sucesión a la corona a partir de Enrique IV, sin periodo de interregnos y por mera "mística de la sangre" no hizo sino realzar el carácter institucional del poder en detrimento de su carácter personal119.
Aquél se formaliza gracias a las ordenanzas del reino que, a su vez, se constituían como un límite del poder, según explicaba Loyseau. Los preceptos que resultaban intocables para el poder soberano son los mismos que garantizan la perpetuidad de la República: la inalienabilidad del dominio de la corona y la imposibilidad de modificar las normas de acceso a la misma (principio de heredad, principio de masculinidad y el principio de catolicidad)120. Son las mismas que permiten pensar que la institución está por encima del hombre, del rey y no al revés. La fórmula es similar a la de un contrato entre el rey y la institución, en este caso expresada a través de un juramento del rey antes de ser coronado. A los reyes se les recuerda su caracter humano a la vez que se les relaciona con el cargo que pasan a ocupar. Se le advierte de que por alcanzar el trono se sigue estando, si cabe con más motivos, al servicio de Dios. El cumplimiento de su misión divina no le releva de sus obligaciones en tanto que hombre y súbdito de Dios. El cargo es un depósito, como dice Savaron, que se ha entre-
Page 204
gado al rey, no su propiedad, constituyéndose así como una carga con más obligaciones que derechos que el rey está obligado a aceptar para acceder al trono.
Olivier Martin califica a esta estructura como constitucional desde el momento, impreciso, en que el sistema sustituyó a la costumbre121. El afán por lograr una cierta estabilidad y perpetuidad del hecho monárquico que reposa en una lectura de fondo de las leyes fundamentales del reino, añadido con el clima intelectual, político y científico de la época, favoreció esta institucionalización y constitucionalización del poder que permite entender como superada su legitimidad consuetudinaria. La nueva legitimidad será fruto de un estatuto, coincidente en su contenido con lo expresado por las costumbres. Ello permitiría que, con los mismos fines, se pudiesen emplear otros medios ya que la lectura de la monarquía se constituía con un carácter meramente teleológico.
El acceso al trono dejó de realizarse a través del juramento, como en la época de los Capetos. Kantorowicz lo deja claro, la presunción es que hay siempre una continuidad inmediata en el...
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