Internet e i diritti fondamentali

AuthorGianpaolo Maria Ruotolo
Pages113-124
113
CAPITOLO QUARTO
INTERNET E I DIRITTI FONDAMENTALI
INDICE: 1. – Internet come enabler di diritti fondamentali: libertà di informazio-
ne, espressione, diritto allo sviluppo; 2. – Eccezioni e limiti al diritto di ac-
cesso ad Internet concepito come strumentale per la tutela di altri diritti fon-
damentali; 3. – L’accesso ad Internet come diritto fondamentale autonomo.
1. – Un’analisi dei profili di diritto internazionale pubblico relativi
ad Internet, anche alla luce delle proposte negoziali emerse di recente
in vista della WCIT 2012 di cui abbiamo detto alla fine del Capitolo
precedente, non può prescindere dall’esame dei rapporti intercorrenti
tra la Rete e i diritti fondamentali, da condurre sotto due distinti profili.
Da un lato, infatti, l’accesso al Web rappresenta uno strumento
che può influire in maniera determinante sull’effettività di diritti fon-
damentali già garantiti a vario titolo dall’ordinamento internaziona-
le, come il diritto ad una libera espressione, i diritti di informazione
e finanche il diritto allo sviluppo, potendo fungere da esponente in
grado di aumentarne l’effettività o, al contrario, da strumento per la
loro limitazione da parte degli Stati.
D’altro canto quello di accedere liberamente e senza limitazioni
illegittime alla Rete potrebbe assumere i connotati di un autonomo
diritto fondamentale di ultima generazione1.
Per quanto riguarda il primo profilo, tralasciando le norme a ri-
levanza regionale, ricordiamo che, come noto, l’art. 19 del Patto sui
diritti civili e politici2 garantisce, al comma 1, il diritto individuale di
1 In generale sul tema, anche se con un approccio differente dal nostro, v. C.
PADOVANI, F. MUSIANI, E. PAVAN, Diritti umani nell’età digitale: concetti in evo-
luzione e norme emergenti nel contesto trans-nazionale, in Politica del diritto,
fascicolo monografico su Diritti e sfera pubblica nell’era digitale, 2010, p. 391 ss.
2 Patto internazionale sui diritti civili e politici, adottato dall’Assemblea Ge-
nerale il 16 dicembre 1966 ed entrato in vigore il 23 marzo 1976.

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