''Dinero negro'' para la mano de obra: la trama de la migración en Rusia
MOSCÚ - El estudio denominado "El nuevo trabajo forzoso en Rusia" (Nota 1) constituye el primer intento de investigar los aspectos coercitivos de la migración irregular en Rusia. Se llevó a cabo en 2003 en las regiones de Moscú, Omsk y Stavropol, y pone de relieve un sombrío mundo subterráneo ocupado por entre 3,5 a 5 millones de inmigrantes irregulares en el país.
El estudio afirma la existencia de "lagunas graves" en la legislación rusa. El derecho laboral no consigue atajar el trabajo forzoso y la explotación en el trabajo, sobre todo en el caso de los migrantes ocupados en la economía no estructurada, y las leyes de inmigración adolecen de un enorme desorden. La corrupción entre los funcionarios hace estragos. Más del 70 % de las multas por trabajo no registrado se abonan a modo de sobornos.
El estudio descubre asimismo una pujante economía sumergida. Menos del 25 % de los migrantes encuestados dispone de permiso de trabajo, y el 74 % recibe sus salarios en "dinero negro", eludiendo impuestos y otros cargos.
Resulta sumamente inquietante que surjan nuevas formas de trabajo forzoso y se apliquen condiciones semejantes a las de la esclavitud. Los engaños, chantajes y secuestros están generalizados. Además, muchos migrantes son obligados a trabajar sin remuneración, a prestar servicios sexuales o a desarrollar su labor bajo la amenaza de la deportación o la violencia.
Con todo, estas víctimas de la explotación desconfían de las autoridades y se muestran reacias a procurarse justicia. La xenofobia y los intrincados vínculos entre las fuerzas del orden y las bandas de delincuentes no ayudan a mejorar la situación.
El estudio subraya la necesidad de emprender acciones urgentes. Se añade que, en un contexto de creciente dependencia de Rusia de la entrada de trabajadores migrantes, deben crearse mecanismos que les permitan trabajar de manera legítima. Se insta a procurar una aplicación efectiva de las leyes, a luchar contra la corrupción, y a emprender una campaña contraria a la actitud tolerante de las autoridades y la sociedad en general respecto a la explotación de seres humanos.
"Todas las instituciones laborales deben intervenir", afirma Roger Plant, jefe del programa SAPFL de la OIT. "Este estudio ha arrojado luz sobre los problemas existentes. Actualmente, con la puesta en marcha de un nuevo proyecto sobre trabajo forzoso, migración y tráfico de personas entre Tayikistán, Uzbekistán y Rusia, ayudamos a los gobiernos a abordar estos problemas de manera directa".
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Nota 1 - Para más información, por favor visitar www.ilo.ru.
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