T
Author | Ramón R Abarca Fernández |
Pages | 103-106 |
Page 103
Taberna argentaria: Oficina de cambista.
Tabla Bantina: Tabla encontrada en 1793 en las cercanías del lugar que ocupó la ciudad romana de Banzia (Bantina). Es de bronce con una inscripción latina en un lado y otra hosca en la parte opuesta. En realidad se trata tan sólo de un fragmento que debe representar una sexta parte de sus dimensiones originales. La inscripción latina es un fragmento de una ley del tiempo de los Gracos, quizá el fragmento de una lex septundarum; la inscripción hosca era tal vez una parte del estatuto lex civitatis de la ciudad de Banzia, redactado a ejemplo de las instituciones de Roma. Esta curiosa tabla se conserva en el Museo Nacional de Nápoles.
Tabulae sunt in medio: Los registros están a la vista de todos.
Tabularium: Archivo público. Depósito de archivos donde se conservaban los documentos escritos en tablas, papiros, pergamino, etc.. Al principio en Roma las grandes tablas de piedra, madera o metal que habían servido para la publicación de los documentos, o sea las tabulae publicae, quedaban expuestas en los lugares donde habían sido fijados y formaban así en varios sitios de la ciudad distintas series. La autoridad no tenía aun a su cargo la custodia oficial de las copias. Cuando ardió el templo del Capitolio el año 70 de nuestra era, el incendio devoró 3000 tablas de bronce, donde se hallaban grabados los tratados más antiguos celebrados con las naciones extranjeras.
Tito Flavio Vespasiano, emperador romano del 69 al 79, quiso reconstruir los textos buscando las copias que pudiesen subsistir. Bastantes documentos igualmente preciosos cubrían las paredes de otros edificios sagrados, tales como el templo de Diana en el Aventino, el templo de Dius Fidius, el templo de Moneta, etc.
Las grandes familias aristocráticas poseían en general acerca de su atrium (pórtico delantero) una sala especialmente destinada a guardar sus tabletas, o sea los documentos relativos a sus negocios, títulos de nobleza, etc. llamada tablinum. No pocos documentos oficiales, en los primeros siglos de Roma, se hallaban en los archivos particulares. A partir del siglo V el edificio donde quedaban depositados los textos de las leyes, de los senadoconsultos y de los plebiscitos era el Tesoro del templo de Saturno, situado en la extremidad del Foro, cuya fundación se hace remontar a la época de Valerio Consulado en 509 a.C., uno de los fundadores de la República Romana y llamado Publícola por su popularidad como amigo del pueblo.
Lo que es indudable es que este depósito, instalado en la dependencia del Senado, debe ser considerado como la primera cuna de los archivos de Roma. Su importancia fue acrecentándose de siglo en siglo durante toda la existencia de la República, hasta que llegó a convertirse en un centro de un servicio organizado con regularidad.
Los romanos tomaron medidas muy rigurosas para preservar de toda alteración y deterioro los documentos depositados en sus archivos, sobre todo los del Estado. En medio de las luchas políticas que tuvieron como consecuencia la caída de la República, los diferentes partidos se acusaron simultáneamente de crímenes sin cuento. Inculpadores e inculpados, con la complicidad del personal del servicio, penetraron sin autorización en el Tabularium del Senado, unos para tomar copias secretas de piezas, otros para suprimir senadoconsultos antes de que los mismos fuesen...
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