The effect of the financial crisis on audit quality: European evidence
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-07-2021-0135 |
Published date | 05 January 2022 |
Date | 05 January 2022 |
Pages | 143-158 |
Subject Matter | Accounting & finance,Accounting/accountancy,Accounting methods/systems |
Author | Maria I. Kyriakou |
The effect of the financial crisis on
audit quality: European evidence
Maria I. Kyriakou
Department of Economics, International Hellenic University, Serres, Greece
Abstract
Purpose –This paper aimsto examine the impact of the recent financial crisis on audit qualityby analysing
discretionaryaccruals.
Design/methodology/approach –This study considers a sample of German, French, Italian and
Spanish non-financial firms from 2005 to 2013 to investigate the auditor’s independence. It uses a cross-
sectional and time-series ordinary least squares regression model to control for other predictors of the
auditor’sindependence when the financial crisis producesa decrease in audit quality.
Findings –The proportion of the non-financial firms having lower audit quality was higher during the
financial crisis. In addition, during the crisisauditors were less likely to provide a higher audit quality for
these non-financial firms. The level of audit quality returned to normal levels during the post-crisis years
when the crisishad ceased.
Originality/value –These findings contribute to the literature on the impact of economic and financial
changes on audit quality. In addition,this research finds that the Big Four accounting firms provide a higher
audit qualityin different circumstances from non-Big Four accountingfirms, and that audit quality decreased
during the crisisand returned to normal in the post-crisis period.
Keywords Financial crisis, Discretionary accruals, Audit quality, Non-audit fees
Paper type Research paper
1. Introduction
The recent financial crisis put pressure on whether companies around the world could
continue in business. Some companiessurvived, while others did not. This was clear in the
post-recession period, which gave companies the opportunity to cease trading or to find a
way to continue in business. The great recession,which began within the USA and spread to
Europe, startedat the end of 2007 and lasted until 2009.
The financial crisis was not an audit crisis. However, during the Global Financial Crisis
(GFC) and in the post-GFC period, non-Big Four auditors became more conservative
compared to Big Four auditors regarding their clients’going concern problems with
different insights and perspectives (Persakis and Iatridis, 2015;Sanoran, 2018). In another
study, Persakis and Iatridis(2016) stated there was a decline in audit quality during the GFC
period. In addition, Chen et al. (2019) found thataudit fees decreased during the GFC due to
the pressure from auditorson their clients; however, this could have resulted in auditquality
being impaired. After 2009, many companies found it difficult to continue doing business
immediately and took some timeto return to normal business.
A data set for the period 2005–2013 is used, and the aim of this paper was to study
the impact of the recession on audit quality (measured by discretionaryaccruals [DAC]) for
JEL classification –M41, M42
The author would like to thank the editor and three anonymous referees for their valuable
suggestions.
Effect of the
financial crisis
on audit
quality
143
Received7 July 2021
Revised24 October 2021
Accepted5 December 2021
InternationalJournal of
Accounting& Information
Management
Vol.30 No. 1, 2022
pp. 143-158
© Emerald Publishing Limited
1834-7649
DOI 10.1108/IJAIM-07-2021-0135
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on Emerald Insight at:
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non-financial firms in Germany, France, Italy and Spain. This is an important issue to
be examined through the mediating effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR),
as companies’investments in social capital are not constant over time. The financial crisis
provides such a setting in which identifying trustworthiness during different periods is
more valuable (Lins et al.,2019). I chose these four countries as they are among the largest
Eurozone countries.All four of them are part of the Eurozone and since 2005 have used IFRS
for their financial reporting. Thus, Big Four audit firms may facilitate the diffusion of CSR
practices after 2005 in their non-financialfirms’reports which enhance their role when they
consider the audit quality of a report, and this superiorityis achieved through the Big Four
audit fee premium (Xiao et al.,2004).
The results and the causes of the recession are not distinct during the period at the
beginning of this crisis. As a result, the data showcertain consequences of the recession for
companies and whether or not such companieswould survive in the near future. In the crisis
period, some companies, being stronger than others, followed strategies that led to their
expansion and survivalafter the crisis. During the crisis, there was an increase in the quality
of audits and earnings announcements were not dependent on auditors’size or auditors’
independence for US financial and non-financial firms (Shahzad et al.,2018). For those
companies that found it difficult to survive or to continue during and after the crisis, the
auditors may have beencautious about providing a higher audit quality.
The data show that, during the recessionaryperiod, companies paid lower non-audit fees.
However, the risk effect from the financialcrisis supports the argument that auditors tend to
charge higher audit fees during a financial crisis period (Chen et al., 2018). This is true
whether the auditors were Big Four firms or smaller auditproviders. The objectives of this
study were to look at the impact of financial crisis years on the association between audit
quality and non-audit fees and in thedifference in audit quality before and during the crisis.
This study contributes to the deterioration or improvement of non-audit fees paid to
auditors by their clients in the crisis period, examined through a cross-sectional and time-
series ordinary least squares (OLS) regression method with interaction effects. In addition,
Salehi et al. (2019) found that financialcrises had no impact on the association between audit
quality and audit fee stickiness.
Previewing my results, I find that during the financial crisis, the auditors might
characterize a company’s reports as qualified or unqualified. In general, the financial crisis
questioned the role and value of external audits. This episode stressed reflection on the
independence of auditors. Many financial institutions collapsed or bailed out in a short
period after havingreceived an unqualified audit opinion (Sikka, 2009).
However, the study’sfindings suggest that the auditors’independence returned to
normal after the recession. Even after controlling for a number of factors, this study finds
that after the recession auditors were more likely to provide a higher audit quality to
companies. This trendwas evident from 2008/2009 (the years of crisis) to 2010 and then until
2013, when the likelihoodreturned to normal.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides a literature
review and develops the research questions. Section 3 describes the dataset used in this
study and the methodology that is followed. Section 4 analyses the results and, finally,
Section 5 provides the conclusion.
2. Prior literature and development of research questions
The Big Four accounting firms provide three keyservices: audit, tax and advisory services.
Wyatt (2004) and Hermanson(2009) found that the services offered by an accounting firm to
an individual or company may differ over time. This means that the accountants may
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