External sources of finance and value creation of Chinese mergers and acquisitions: does ownership type matter?
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-10-2020-0159 |
Published date | 01 July 2021 |
Date | 01 July 2021 |
Pages | 452-471 |
Subject Matter | Accounting & finance,Accounting/accountancy,Accounting methods/systems |
Author | Xiaogang Bi,Agyenim Boateng |
External sources of finance and
value creation of Chinese mergers
and acquisitions: does ownership
type matter?
Xiaogang Bi
Nottingham University Business School China, The University of Nottingham
Ningbo China, Ningbo, P. R. China, and
Agyenim Boateng
Department of Finance and Accounting, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
Abstract
Purpose –This paper aims to investigatethe effects of external sources of finance and ownership type on
the value creationof Chinese acquiring firms.
Design/methodology/approach –The data set consists of domestic-listed mainland Chinese firms
engaged in domestic mergers and acquisitions during the period 2004–2012. Standard event study
methodology and cross-sectionalregression analysis are used to examine the relationship between external
finance,ownership type and value creation of the acquiring firms.
Findings –This paper finds thatwhereas bank financing is positively related to the firm value of privately-
owned enterprises(POEs), bank financing has a negative but insignificant influenceon the firm value of state-
owned enterprises (SOEs). Moreover, equity financing has a negative and significant effect on the value
creationof SOE acquirers, however, this appears not to be the case of POEs.
Research limitations/implications –The results suggest that the capitalmarkets in China take into
consideration the discriminatory and cheap access to bank loans available to SOEs as negative signals to
stock markets, which cause capital markets to punish SOEs through price depreciation. Conversely, capital
marketsreward POEs in respect of Chinese banks’discrimination againstPOEs in bank financing.
Practical implications –The results suggest that the capital markets in China take into account the
discriminatoryand cheap access to bank loans available to SOEs as negative signals to stock markets,which
cause capital markets to punishSOEs through price depreciation. Conversely, capital markets rewardPOEs
in respect of Chinesebanks’discrimination against POEs in bank financing.
Originality/value –The results of this study show that external sources of finance and ownership
type influence acquiring firm valuein an environment where the corporate governance systemis weak and
the banking sector is dominated by state banks. Further reforms in the financial sector, particularly, in the
corporategovernance system appear warranted.
Keywords External financing, Ownership type, Firm value, Mergers and acquisitions
Paper type Research paper
1. Introduction
How are acquisitions are financed has implications for firm value (Faccio et al.,2005;
Schlingemann, 2004;Hartford,1999;Golubov et al.,2016).Prior studies (Liu et al.,2009;Hou
et al., 2015) have reported a negativeassociation between the external sources of finance and
The authors would like to thank the Editor and three referees for their comments and suggestions.
IJAIM
29,3
452
Received7 October 2020
Revised26 January 2021
20March 2021
27April 2021
Accepted27 April 2021
InternationalJournal of
Accounting& Information
Management
Vol.29 No. 3, 2021
pp. 452-471
© Emerald Publishing Limited
1834-7649
DOI 10.1108/IJAIM-10-2020-0159
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on Emerald Insight at:
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stock returns. However, raising external finance, particularly bank financing [1], in an
emerging country suchas China may be linked to the ownership type of the firm (Allen et al.,
2005;Cull et al., 2009). Studiessuch as Firth et al. (2009),Zhou et al. (2015) indicate that state-
owned enterprises (SOEs) in emerging countries have easier access to bank financing to
fund their activities compared to private-owned enterprises (POEs). Despite the banking
sector reforms in China, POEs are still discriminated against in terms of the allocation of
bank credit (Allen et al., 2005;Culland Xu, 2003). Lin and Bo (2012),Poncet et al. (2010) echo
similar views and found that firms with state ownershipin emerging countries tend to face
fewer financial constraints whenconducting acquisitions compared to POEs. Yet, we know
relatively little attention has been given to how ownership type (SOE versus POE) and the
source of external finance impact on the acquirer returns in the emerging country context.
This study fills the above research gap by examining the effects of external financing used
by SOEs and POEs on value creation.
The choice of Chinese acquisitionsis motivated by the following reasons, namely, first, it
has been documentedthat SOEs have preferential access to banks loans administeredby the
big five state-owned banks whose loans portfolios constitute over 70% of the bank credit to
the industrial sector(Cull and Xu, 2003;Boateng et al., 2015;Ayyagari et al., 2015). Moreover,
after three decades of enterprise reforms,SOEs remain an important feature of the Chinese
economy. SOEs have a stakein most Chinese listed firms (Chen et al., 2009). China, therefore,
provides an ideal setting to explorethe impact of external sources of finance and ownership
type on the firm value. We do so by using the standard event study methodology to
investigate the wealtheffects of 481 Chinese acquiring firms over the period 2004–2012.
Our results document a negative but insignificant relationship between acquirer returns
and external sources of finance. However, when we classify the sources of external finance
into equity and bank financing, we find that whereas equity financing has a negative and
significant effect on the value creation of SOE acquirers, this appears not to be the case of
POEs. In contrast, bank financing has a positive effect on the firm value of acquirers and
creates value for POEs compared to SOEs. The results suggest that whereas the capital
markets may take into consideration the Chinesebanks’discrimination against POEs in the
formal financing and reward them, capital markets in China appear to punish (reduce
returns) SOEs due to preferentialaccess to bank financing through non-marketfactors.
Our study makes two primary contributionsto the literature. First, this paper contributes
to firm ownership –mergers and acquisitions(M&A) performance discourse by drawing on
insightsof agency theory in an emergingcountry context where capitalmarket imperfections
such as information asymmetry, weak institutions and poor corporate governance systems
are prevalent. We believe that analyzing how ownership and sources of financing
acquisitions impact on performance is important and timely in that M&As are particularly,
sensitiveto the efficiency of the financial marketsand the market for corporate control(Peng,
2008). Acquisition transactions greatly rely on an institutional framework that ensures
transparency, a good corporate governance system, efficient allocation of funds in the
financial markets and contract enforcement (Chen et al.,2017;Giroud and Mueller, 2011). In
this regard, our study constitutes one of the first attempts to extend prior studies such as
Martynova and Renneboog (2009) and Schlingemann (2004), which focused on sourc es of
financing and acquirers’gains without taking into consideration the distinctive nature of
firmownershipinemergingcountries(La Porta et al.,1999,2002).
Second, we show that the ownershiptype of the firm and the choice of external sources of
finance have implicationsfor acquisition performance. More specifically, our analysisshows
that the impact of the use of external sources of finance on the value creation of M&As is
conditioned by the nature of firm ownership. A significantnegative price revision following
Finance and
value creation
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