Analysts’ forecasts timeliness and accuracy post-XBRL
Date | 04 March 2019 |
Published date | 04 March 2019 |
Pages | 151-188 |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-05-2017-0061 |
Author | Sherwood Lane Lambert,Kevin Krieger,Nathan Mauck |
Subject Matter | Accounting & Finance,Accounting/accountancy,Accounting methods/systems |
Analysts’forecasts timeliness and
accuracy post-XBRL
Sherwood Lane Lambert and Kevin Krieger
Department of Accounting and Finance, University of West Florida, Pensacola,
Florida, USA, and
Nathan Mauck
University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
Abstract
Purpose –To the authors’knowledge, this paper is the first to use Detail I/B/E/S to study directly the
timeliness of security analysts’next-year earnings-per-share (EPS) estimates relative to the SEC filings of
annual (10-K) and quarterly (10-Q) financial statements. Although the authors do not prove a causal
relationship, theyprovide evidence that the average time from firms’filings of 10-Ks and 10-Qs to the release
of analysts’annualEPS forecasts during short timeframes (for example,15-day timeframe from a 10-K’s SEC
file date) subsequentto the 10-K and 10-Q filing dates significantly shortened withXBRL implementation and
then remainedrelatively constant following implementation.
Design/methodology/approach –Using filing dates hand-collected from the SEC website for 10-Ks
during 2009-2011 and filing dates for 10-Ks and 10-Qs during 2003-2014 input from Compustat along with
analysts’estimated values for next year EPS, actual estimated next year EPS realized and estimate
announcement dates in Detail I/B/E/S, the authors study the days from 10-K and 10-Q file dates to
announcementdates and the per cent errors for individualestimates during per- and post-XBRL eras.
Findings –The authors find that analysts are announcing next-year EPS forecasts significantly more
frequently and in significantlyshorter time in zero to 15 days immediately following 10-K and 10-Q file dates
post-XBRL as compared to pre-XBRL. However, the authors do not find a significant change in forecast
accuracypost-XBRL as compared to pre-XBRL.
Research limitations/implications –Because this studyuses short timeframes immediately following
the events (filingsof 10-Ks and 10-Qs), therelationship between 10-Ks and 10-Qs with and without XBRL and
improved forecast timeliness is strengthened. However, even this strengthened difference-in-difference
methodology does not establish causality. Future research may determine whether XBRL or other factors
cause the improvedforecast timeliness the authors’evidence.
Practical implications –This improved efficiency may become critical if financialstatement reporting
expands as a resultof new innovations such as Big Data and continuousreporting. In the future, users may be
able to electronically connect to financial statement data that firms are maintainingon a perpetual basis on
the SEC website and continuouslymonitor and analyze the financial statement data dynamicallyin real time.
If so, then unquestionably,XBRL will have played a criticalrole in bringing about this future innovation.
Originality/value –Whereas previous studies have utilizedSummary IBES data to assess the impact of
XBRL on analyst forecasts, the authors use Detail IBES to study the effects of XBRL adoptiondirectly by
measuringdays from 10-K and 10-Q file dates in Compustat to each estimate’s announcementdate recorded in
IBES and by computing the per cent error using each estimate’s VALUE and ACTUAL recorded in Detail
IBES. Theauthors are the first to evidence a significant shorteningin average days and an increase in per cent
of 30-daycounts in the zero- to 15-day timeframe immediatelyfollowing the fillings of 10-K s and 10-Qs.
Keywords Analysts, Forecast accuracy, Detail I/B/E/SFE/S,
eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL), Forecast timeliness
Paper type Research paper
A draft version of this paper won the “Best Paper of the Conference”award at the 2016 American
Accounting Association (AAA) Southeast Regional Conference.
Analysts’
forecasts
timeliness
151
Received11 May 2017
Revised15 January 2018
19March 2018
Accepted2 May 2018
InternationalJournal of
Accounting& Information
Management
Vol.27 No. 1, 2019
pp. 151-188
© Emerald Publishing Limited
1834-7649
DOI 10.1108/IJAIM-05-2017-0061
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on Emerald Insight at:
www.emeraldinsight.com/1834-7649.htm
1. Introduction
This paper investigates the impact of eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) on
the timeliness and accuracy of financial analysts’next-year EPS forecasts. Whereas
previous studies have utilizedSummary Institutional Broker Estimate System (I/B/E/S)data
to assess the impact of XBRL on analyst forecasts,this study measures the number of days
from 10-K and 10-Q filing dates in Compustat to each estimate’s announcement date
recorded in Detail I/B/E/S. Also, we compute the per cent error using each estimate’s
VALUE and ACTUAL recorded in Detail I/B/E/S. We are the first to evidence a significant
shortening of average daysand an increase in per cent of 30-day counts in the zero to 15-day
timeframe immediately following the fillings of 10-Ks and 10-Qs. Each forecast record in
Detail I/B/E/S contains the date when the analyst announced his or her forecast. This
information is not providedin Summary I/B/E/S[1]. Thus, to our knowledge, we are the first
study to directly evaluatethe effect of XBRL on the timeliness of analysts’forecasts. We find
that the timeliness of analysts’next-yearEPS forecasts made within short timeframes of 15
days or less after the filing of the prior-year10-Ks and forecast-year 10-Qs has significantly
improved during post-XBRL. Using the filing dates (which we hand-collect from the
Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) website), we measure the number of days
between the 10-K or 10-Q filing date and the forecast announcement date in Detail I/B/E/S
for each forecast. Hence, we can use Detail I/B/E/S to precisely measure the time in days
between when individual analystsannounce their forecasts and the filing dates of 10-Ks and
10-Qs. Our timeliness findings are importantbecause they are consistent with analysts now
having the capability to more efficiently input and process machine-readable financial
statement data usingcomputerized analytical routines.
Our findings may be particularly important as the future unfolds. They are consistent
with analysts now having the automated capability to more efficiently cope with future
innovations in financial statement reporting, which were often impractical with EDGAR
(such as reporting information more frequently than quarterly, or annually, and reporting
larger quantities and more types of information). Our consideration of potential
improvement in analyst forecast accuracy, post-XBRL, shows no dispositive evidence of
marked improvement.
The remainder of this paper proceeds as follows: Section 2 reviews prior research.
Section 3 presents our hypotheses, describes our methodology and provides further detail
regarding our data. Section 4 presents our findings. Section 5 provides a summary of our
results, describes potential areas for future research and concludes. Appendix provides
similar results to Section4, but with a specialized subsample mandatingconsistency of firm-
analyst identity overtime.
2. Background and prior research
On January 30, 2009, the SEC established requirements for companies to file their financial
statements using XBRL and mandateda phased implementation of XBRL during 2009-2011.
In fiscal year 2009, “large accelerated filers”,with a total market value of at least US$700m,
began using XBRL to file their financial statements with the SEC. “Acceleratedfilers”with
an aggregate market value of between US$75mand US$700m started using XBRL in fiscal
year 2010 for filing their financial statements with the SEC. The remainder of reporting
companies, called “non-accelerated filers”, began using XBRL in fiscal year 2011[2]. Hence,
starting with fiscal year 2011, and forevery year thereafter, XBRL financial statements are
available for virtuallyall SEC-reporting companies. The SEC believed that requiringissuers
to file their financial statements using XBRL’s interactive data format would enable
investors, analysts and the SEC to captureand analyze information more quickly and at less
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cost than via a static format, unreadableby machine (Kernan, 2008;SEC, 2009). Some initial
research regarding the impact of XBRL, however,has been mixed. For example, Dong et al.
(2016) find agreement that more firm-specific information may come quickly to light under
XBRL. Meanwhile, Blankespoor et al. (2014) indicate that, contrary to initial SEC claims,
XBRL adoption further advantages larger investors who might be more readily able to
absorb big data.
During the mid-1990s, the SEC had mandated that companies file their financial
statements using the electronic data gathering, analysis, and retrieval (EDGAR) system.
With EDGAR, companies file their financial statementsusing an electronic document such
as portable document format (PDF) or hyper-text markuplanguage (HTML). At the time of
its development, EDGAR was seen as a revolutionaryimprovement for data users. EDGAR,
however, lacks many of the features provided by the development of XBRL. For example,
EDGAR does not provide machine-readable data that can be input directly to computer
programs. Thus, while an improvementover paper reports, EDGAR still requires inefficient
human interaction to locate, copy and paste data from EDGAR into machine-readable files
for input to computerizedroutines.
Analysts evaluate companies’past performances to forecast future performances, such
as next-year earnings and long-term growth projections. In assessing these past
performances, analysts use data contained in financial statements, as well as aggregated
financial statement data such as Standardand Poor’s (S&P) Compustat. Substantial time is
required to convert financial statement data into aggregate data. It is reasonable to posit
that analysts who use data taken directly from financial statements have benefited from
being able to input this data directly into their computerized analyses. In addition to
potentially providing machine-readable data more quickly, XBRLuses a specific taxonomy
that more accurately defines data reported in financial statements than the less-precise
terminology used in EDGAR and paper reports. XBRL’s taxonomy might be expected to
improve the accuracy of those using financial statement data. For example, Chychyla and
Kogan (2014) describe how XBRL has specifically aided in alleviatingrecording errors, like
those frequently seen in Compustat.Expanding data analysis may provide the potential for
improving the accuracy of analysts’forecasts. Improved timeliness is one of the primary
benefits considered possible with XBRL. Through the use of the internet, financial
information can be made available, not just at the end of the fiscal year or quarter, but
practically in real time. XBRL could improve firms’abilities to provide real-time data by
eliminating the need to re-key data, thus improving the speed of data acquisition (Baldwin
et al.,2006).
Much of the early work regarding XBRL is well summarized in a review article by
Perdana et al. (2015). Several recent studies have begun to consider how XBRL may impact
the frequency and accuracy of analysts’earningsforecasts. Ly (2012) studies whether XBRL
affects the numbers and dispersion of analyst earnings forecasts and finds evidence
supporting an increase in the numbers of estimatesand a decrease in the dispersion of their
earnings forecasts followingXBRL adoption. Liu and O’Farrell (2013) studies firms from six
nations (Belgium, Italy, Japan, Singapore, Spain and South Korea) that completed
mandatory adoption of XBRL by 2009 and finds that XBRL adoption, in general, has a
positive impact on forecast accuracy, but differing accounting values (professionalism,
uniformity, conservatismand secrecy) among the studied nations moderate XBRL’s impact.
In particular, nations with high professionalism values may experience greater resistance
against regulatory mandate for XBRL adoption. Liu et al. (2014) uses a sample of Phase I
and Phase II US filers in 2009 and 2010 and finds a significant positive associationbetween
mandatory XBRL adoption and both analyst coverage and earnings forecast accuracy;
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