COVID-19 y el equilibrio contractual según la teoría de la imprevisión
Author | Daniel Del Río/Alejandro Catalá/Amilcar García Cortés/José Massas Farell |
Los efectos del COVID-19 en la industria y los negocios en México hacen necesario el análisis individualizado de aquellos contratos civiles cuyo cumplimiento se vuelva más oneroso para una de las partes y, en su caso, optar por las alternativas legales disponibles para buscar el restablecimiento del equilibrio contractual.
En el año 2010 se adicionó al Código Civil del Distrito Federal (actualmente Ciudad de México) el concepto llamado “teoría de la imprevisión”. De acuerdo con esta teoría y en esencia, las partes de contratos sujetos a plazo, condición o de tracto sucesivo tienen acción para buscar recuperar el equilibrio contractual si, durante la vigencia de los mismos, surgen acontecimientos extraordinarios de carácter nacional que no fuesen posibles de prever y provoquen mayor onerosidad para el cumplimiento de las obligaciones a cargo de uno de los contratantes.
En la Ciudad de México, la parte afectada por un acontecimiento extraordinario imprevisible tiene derecho a pedir a su contraparte la modificación del contrato y en caso de no alcanzarse un acuerdo entre ellas, puede someterla a consideración de un juez. En este supuesto y de ser procedente la petición, el cocontratante de la parte afectada puede elegir entre la modificación del contrato para restablecer el equilibrio en los términos que determine el juez, o la resolución del mismo bajo ciertas condiciones.
Es importante mencionar que esta teoría de la imprevisión no confiere a las partes el derecho de suspender el cumplimiento del contrato y en todo caso, su modificación o rescisión no afectará el cumplimiento de las prestaciones debidas con anterioridad al acontecimiento que dé origen a la petición, sino únicamente a las posteriores.
Además de la Ciudad de México, la teoría de la imprevisión se encuentra regulada en los Códigos Civiles de Jalisco, Quintana Roo, Guanajuato, Aguascalientes, Estado de México, Morelos, Sinaloa, Veracruz, Chihuahua, Coahuila y Tamaulipas, no así en las codificaciones civiles de los demás Estados de la República ni en el Código Civil Federal, por lo que en nuestra opinión no es aplicable a los actos de comercio conforme al mandato del artículo 2 del Código de Comercio.
Como siempre, nuestras áreas de litigio y de contratos están a sus órdenes para asesorar a sus clientes en éste y otros temas legales.
ATENTAMENTE
delrio@basham.com.mx
acatala@basham.com.mx
amgarcia@basham.com.mx
jmassas@basham.com.mx
Ciudad de México, a 25 de marzo de 2020.
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