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- Soberanía, Monarquía y Unidad en el Auge Del Absolutismo Francés (1519-1715). Antología de Textos
- La Unidad Del Reino
La unidad del Reino
Pages | 101-104 |
Page 101
A Juan Bodino se le reconoce como el autor que acuñó el concepto moderno de soberanía. Lo hizo gracias a la fortuna de una definición que hasta el momento no había podido ser concretada por el pensamiento del Renacimiento. A su vez, la acogida que suscitó su definición tendrá vitales repercusiones políticas en tanto dota al Estado del marco teórico en el que fundamentar la tan pretendida unidad del reino. Así se entrevé al menos en el texto anónimo y en el de Flurance.
Para Franklin el tratamiento de la noción que hace Bodino en Los seis libros de la República rompe no sólo con lo que era su forma de pensar anterior sino con toda la tradición medieval europea70. Al igual que para Tarello, para este autor, la concreción de un centro único de la autoridad suprema es el elemento esencial de su obra71. En obras anteriores, como en Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem Bodino ofrece otra visión de la soberanía en la que no había tal elemento absolutista y que sí se encuentra en Los seis libros72. No cabría, por tanto, identificar a la soberanía con el absolutismo pero entonces ¿por qué es en esta obra donde mejor se describe la noción? La respuesta puede provenir del anuncio de que la soberanía es indivisible. Con ello quería decirse que, a pesar de que coexistan distintas entidades con el po-
Page 102
der último de mandar, dicho poder procede de una única fuente, en términos teológicos de Dios, según mantiene San Pablo, y, en términos políticos, del soberano. Ésta puede estar originalmente situada en una única institución aunque las funciones de poder se repartan entre varias. He aquí una forma de controlar la dispersión institucional y sus distintas legitimidades de origen y hacer un llamamiento a la unidad sin afectar al estatuto político de aquellas, al menos inicialmente, ya que la detentación de la soberanía permite "recuperar" las facultades jurídicas de las distintas instituciones para sí. Sin embargo, no cabría según Franklin este tipo de estructura ya que en Bodino se confunde la idea de la soberanía con la de su concentración en una única institución, la monárquica, lo que aquí se ha llamado absolutismo. La idea que Bodino deja es precisamente esta, que la soberanía no se puede dividir o compartir y por tanto no cabe hablar de dos soberanos con una misma jurisdicción. Sin embargo y a pesar de ello, el poder se puede limitar. De ahí que soberanía y poder absoluto e ilimitado, aunque aparezcan unidos en la obra de...
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