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- Capítulo Sexto. La Regresión Del Principio de Patrimonio Común de la Humanidad Aplicado a la Zona Internacional de los Fondos Marinos
Reflexiones en torno a la regresión del principio de patrimonio común de la humanidad.
Author | Esther Salamancas Aguado |
La primera reflexión la formulamos a partir de una doble hipótesis. Si consideramos que la participación efectiva de los Estados en desarrollo en las actividades en la Zona es un elemento constitutivo del patrimonio común de la humanidad, el Acuerdo ha significado una regresión en relación con el régimen original, debido a que el sistema paralelo de explotación tal y como ha sido enmendado no lo garantiza. Por el contrario, si consideramos que el beneficio de toda la humanidad significa exclusivamente la distribución equitativa de los beneficios financieros y otros beneficios económicos derivados de las actividades en la Zona, teniendo especialmente en cuenta los intereses y necesidades de los Estados en desarrollo, habrá que esperar a que la Autoridad establezca un mecanismo apropiado de distribución para valorar si se alcanza el objetivo perseguido. La diferencia fundamental entre una consideración y otra es que la segunda perpetúa la desigualdad real entre los Estados y tiene exclusivamente un efecto distributivo, mientras que la primera tiende a una igualdad compensatoria de las desigualdades entre los Estados136. En nuestra opinión, es la primera de estas hipótesis la que debe ser mantenida.
Desgraciadamente, tras la adopción del Acuerdo que enmienda la Parte XI, la participación efectiva de los Estados en desarrollo en las actividades en la Zona, teniendo debidamente en cuenta sus intereses y necesidades especiales, ya no es un requisito fundamental del sistema de explotación y carece de medios reales de promoción. El Acuerdo mantiene formalmente un sistema paralelo según el cual la explotación de los recursos de la Zona se realiza por una rama institucional y una rama descentralizada. Sin embargo, elimina los mecanismos previstos para hacer viable comercialmente la rama institucional -la Empresa- y aplaza su funcionamiento independiente, de forma que durante un período inicial funciona en la práctica un sistema unitario favorable a los Estados tecnológica y financieramente desarrollados -aunque sean Estados en desarrollo como algunos de los primeros contratistas-. El paso de este sistema unitario a un sistema paralelo depende de una decisión del Consejo en el que será necesario el consenso de todos los Estados o, en su caso, la no oposición de los Estados industrializados.
Esta conclusión está en sintonía con lo dispuesto en la Sección 4ª del Anexo al Acuerdo, relativa a la revisión de la Parte XI que se remite al párrafo 1 del...
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- Capítulo Sexto. La regresión del principio de patrimonio común de la humanidad aplicado a la zona internacional de los fondos marinos
- La positivación de un nuevo principio de derecho internacional
- Desarrollo normativo e institucional en la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el derecho del mar.
- Reflexiones en torno a la regresión del principio de patrimonio común de la humanidad.
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