The Enemy Criminal Law as the Legal Foundation of the War on Terror

AuthorFriedrich Kratochwil/Rodrigo Szuecs
Pages37-71
Anuรกrio Brasileiro de Direito Internacional, ISSN 1980-9484, vol.2, n.21, jul. de 2016, pp.37-71.
37
XI ANUรRIO BRASILEIRO DE DIREITO INTERNACIONAL
THE ENEMY CRIMINAL LAW AS THE LEGAL FOUNDATION OF THE
WAR ON TERROR
O DIREITO PENAL DO INIMIGO COMO O FUNDAMENTO LE-
GAL DA GUERRA AO TERROR
Friedrich Kratochwil1
Rodrigo Szuecs2
ABSTRACT
In this article, we explore the relation between the war on terror, the theory
of the enemy criminal law and the state of exception. The main effort is to link the
enemy criminal law to the war on terror and then expose how the relation between
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎ˆ๎„๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎๎„๎‘๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎›๎†๎ˆ๎“๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎’๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎„๎†๎‹๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎Š๎’๎„๎๎€๎€ƒ ๎š๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎•๎–๎—๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎›๎“๎๎„๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
enemy criminal law; then the approach of the White House against terrorism, and
๎‚ฟ๎‘๎„๎๎๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎š๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎๎’๎‘๎–๎—๎•๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‹๎’๎š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎š๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎ˆ๎†๎˜๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎•๎„๎‘๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎€ค๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎Š๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎˜๎•๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎›๎†๎ˆ๎“๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎•๎˜๎๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ
๎’๎‰๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎š๎ˆ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎๎’๎†๎•๎„๎†๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎Š๎‹๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎ˆ๎•๎•๎’๎•๎Œ๎–๎๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎’๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎๎’๎–๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎™๎„๎๎˜๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎€‹๎“๎•๎Œ๎™๎„๎†๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎‰๎•๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‡๎’๎๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎–๎“๎ˆ๎ˆ๎†๎‹๎€๎€ƒ ๎‡๎˜๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎†๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎๎„๎š๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎๎๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎œ๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎–๎„๎Ž๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎‡๎ˆ๎๎’๎†๎•๎„๎†๎œ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎—๎ˆ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎๎–๎ˆ๎๎™๎ˆ๎–๎€ข๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎—๎Œ๎†๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎Œ๎๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎—๎•๎Œ๎…๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎…๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ
about international law and the international protection of human rights.
KEYWORDS: International Law; Human Rights; Terrorism; State of Exception.
RESUMO
Neste artigo, nรณs exploramos a relaรงรฃo entre a guerra ao terror, o direito penal
do inimigo e o estado de exceรงรฃo. O esforรงo principal รฉ ligar o direito penal do inimigo
a guerra ao terror para entรฃo demonstrar como a relaรงรฃo entre ambos cria um estado de
๎ˆ๎›๎†๎ˆ๎ฏ๎ญ๎’๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎๎„๎‘๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎„๎•๎„๎€ƒ๎„๎๎†๎„๎‘๎ฏ๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎…๎๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎™๎’๎€๎€ƒ๎‘๎น๎–๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎“๎๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎’๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎Œ๎•๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎—๎ˆ๎’๎•๎Œ๎„๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎•๎ˆ๎Œ๎—๎’๎€ƒ
penal do inimigo; depois, analisamos a abordagem da Casa Branca contra o terrorismo e,
๎‚ฟ๎‘๎„๎๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎๎’๎‘๎–๎—๎•๎„๎๎’๎–๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎๎’๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎•๎„๎ฏ๎ญ๎’๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎“๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎‘๎’๎€ƒ ๎€จ๎›๎ˆ๎†๎˜๎—๎Œ๎™๎’๎€ƒ ๎„๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎†๎„๎‘๎’๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎–๎—๎ฉ๎€ƒ
transformando o estado de exceรงรฃo na regra. O problema รฉ geralmente colocado dessa forma:
๎“๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎๎’๎†๎•๎„๎†๎Œ๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎†๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎„๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎…๎„๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎€ƒ ๎—๎ˆ๎•๎•๎’๎•๎Œ๎–๎๎’๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎˜๎–๎€ƒ ๎™๎„๎๎’๎•๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ
๎‰๎˜๎‘๎‡๎„๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎„๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎€‹๎“๎•๎Œ๎™๎„๎†๎Œ๎‡๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎…๎ˆ๎•๎‡๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎ญ๎’๎€๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎’๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎†๎ˆ๎–๎–๎’๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎Š๎„๎๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ๎’๎˜๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎ˆ๎•๎ญ๎’๎€ƒ๎”๎˜๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎„๎…๎„๎‘๎‡๎’๎‘๎ฉ๎€๎๎’๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎„๎•๎„๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎–๎ˆ๎Š๎˜๎•๎„๎•๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎–๎—๎ฒ๎‘๎†๎Œ๎„๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎–๎˜๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎–๎’๎†๎Œ๎ˆ๎‡๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎–๎€ข๎€ƒ๎€จ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎—๎Œ๎Š๎’๎€ƒ ๎…๎˜๎–๎†๎„๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎‘๎—๎•๎Œ๎…๎˜๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ
para o debate sobre direito internacional e a proteรงรฃo internacional dos direitos humanos.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Direito Internacional; Direitos Humanos; Terrorismo; Estado de Exceรงรฃo.
1๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€จ๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎—๎˜๎–๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎‹๎„๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€ต๎ˆ๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€จ๎˜๎•๎’๎“๎ˆ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎‘๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎๎’๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€น๎Œ๎–๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎’๎‰๎ˆ๎–๎–๎’๎•๎€ƒ
๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎•๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€จ๎˜๎•๎’๎“๎ˆ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎‘๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ฅ๎˜๎‡๎„๎“๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎†๎‹๎’๎๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎€ฎ๎œ๎˜๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎‘๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎ˆ๎’๎˜๎๎€‘
2๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎’๎‰๎ˆ๎–๎–๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎•๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎„๎š๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎€ธ๎€ฐ๎€จ๎€ฆ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎‘๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎Œ๎‘๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎€ช๎ˆ๎•๎„๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎’๎‘๎—๎Œ๎‚ฟ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎—๎‹๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎‘๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€‘
XI ANUรRIO BRASILEIRO DE DIREITO INTERNACIONAL
Anuรกrio Brasileiro de Direito Internacional, ISSN 1980-9484, vol.2, n.21, jul. de 2016, pp.37-71.
38
I. INTRODUCTION
๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎ˆ๎“๎—๎ˆ๎๎…๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎€”๎€”๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎…๎–๎ˆ๎”๎˜๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎ˆ๎•๎•๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎˜๎‘๎‡๎„๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ
changed our political and legal orders, despite the surface appearance of a return to
โ€œnormalcyโ€ and the preoccupation with the economy and its melodramatic episodes.
๎€ฅ๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎ƒ€๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎š๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎„๎๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎•๎๎„๎๎†๎œ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎—๎„๎Œ๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎๎’๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎•๎ˆ๎”๎˜๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎ˆ๎•๎•๎’๎•๎Œ๎–๎—๎€ƒ
๎„๎—๎—๎„๎†๎Ž๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎“๎•๎ˆ๎†๎ˆ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎›๎“๎„๎‘๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎†๎˜๎•๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ ๎„๎“๎“๎„๎•๎„๎—๎˜๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎…๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎๎–๎’๎€ƒ๎๎„๎–๎–๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎‘๎™๎„๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎Œ๎™๎„๎†๎œ๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎•๎Œ๎‡๎Š๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎•๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎–๎†๎„๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎†๎œ๎…๎ˆ๎•๎€๎„๎—๎—๎„๎†๎Ž๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎Š๎„๎Œ๎‘๎–๎—๎€ƒ
๎“๎˜๎…๎๎Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎Œ๎™๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎•๎Œ๎Ž๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎ˆ๎›๎—๎•๎„๎๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎Ž๎Œ๎๎๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎–๎‚ด๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ
๎†๎’๎‘๎๎˜๎‘๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎๎’๎“๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎…๎’๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎™๎„๎Œ๎๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎ˆ๎†๎‹๎‘๎’๎๎’๎Š๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎“๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎„๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎‰๎˜๎‘๎‡๎„๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎†๎‹๎„๎๎๎ˆ๎‘๎Š๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎˜๎•๎€ƒ๎˜๎“๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎š๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎‚ฟ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎‘๎„๎•๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎“๎•๎’๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎•๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎–๎๎’๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎€๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎–๎“๎Œ๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎๎๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎—๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎•๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ
๎€ฎ๎„๎‘๎—๎Œ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎๎ˆ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎…๎˜๎•๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎•๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎€ƒ๎‰๎•๎’๎๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎Š๎Œ๎‘๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎š๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎๎’๎“๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎๎๎–๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎‘๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎”๎˜๎ˆ๎–๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎˜๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ
๎Š๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎๎Œ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎‹๎Œ๎–๎—๎’๎•๎œ3โ€ has become hollow4.
The aporia ๎š๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎–๎ˆ๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎„๎†๎‹๎€ƒ ๎‹๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎๎„๎Ž๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎”๎˜๎Œ๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎–๎’๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ
๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎’๎˜๎Š๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎‘๎๎˜๎‘๎†๎—๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎˜๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎•๎“๎•๎Œ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎™๎„๎•๎Œ๎’๎˜๎–๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎๎Œ๎Ž๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ
๎‡๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎๎’๎“๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎๎’๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎Ž๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎Š๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎˜๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎‚ฟ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎๎„๎‘๎„๎Š๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎‚ด๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎’๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎๎’๎“๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‡๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎•๎’๎˜๎Š๎‹๎€ƒ ๎๎„๎š๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎’๎๎Œ๎‰๎ˆ๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎Š๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ
๎Š๎๎’๎…๎„๎๎€ƒ๎Š๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎•๎˜๎†๎—๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎…๎’๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎๎„๎Œ๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎’๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎’๎˜๎–๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎Š๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎๎„๎†๎œ๎€ƒ
๎“๎•๎’๎…๎๎ˆ๎๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎›๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎„๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎„๎‘๎–๎“๎„๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎“๎’๎•๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎”๎˜๎Œ๎•๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
promulgation of best practices, or by some new โ€œconstitutional momentsโ€ tying the
๎Š๎•๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎‰๎˜๎•๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎–๎†๎•๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎•๎œ๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎š๎ˆ๎•๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎ˆ๎†๎˜๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎๎’๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎„๎†๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎๎„๎๎’๎•๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ
๎€ถ๎˜๎†๎‹๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ ๎‚ณ๎€ฉ๎’๎˜๎†๎„๎˜๎๎‡๎Œ๎„๎‘๎‚ด๎€ƒ ๎™๎Œ๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‘๎ˆ๎š๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎Š๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎„๎๎Œ๎—๎œ5 and its
incompatibility with notions of democratic legitimacy and accountability could
๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‡๎Œ๎–๎๎Œ๎–๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ ๎‡๎œ๎–๎—๎’๎“๎Œ๎„๎€๎€ƒ ๎š๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎–๎’๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‰๎˜๎•๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎‡๎Œ๎–๎—๎˜๎•๎…๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎’๎…๎–๎ˆ๎•๎™๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ
Agambenโ€™s argument on the โ€œstate of exceptionโ€ which has become permanent comes
here to mind. Similarly, the attempts of creating greater accountability by protecting
๎š๎‹๎Œ๎–๎—๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎๎’๎š๎ˆ๎•๎–๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‰๎€ƒ๎†๎ˆ๎•๎—๎„๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎Š๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎„๎๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎„๎†๎—๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎’๎๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎š๎€ƒ๎’๎…๎™๎Œ๎’๎˜๎–๎๎œ๎€ƒ
๎‰๎„๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎‡๎€๎€ƒ ๎Š๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎˜๎‘๎•๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎‰๎‰๎’๎•๎—๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎€‘๎Š๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ธ๎€ถ๎€ƒ ๎Š๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎‹๎˜๎‘๎—๎€ƒ ๎‡๎’๎š๎‘๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ
๎“๎•๎’๎–๎ˆ๎†๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€จ๎‡๎š๎„๎•๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎‘๎’๎š๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎‚ณ๎๎Œ๎–๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎Š๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎’๎“๎ˆ๎•๎—๎œ๎‚ด๎€๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‰๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ ๎—๎•๎ˆ๎„๎–๎’๎‘๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎˜๎–๎€ƒ
๎–๎’๎๎ˆ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎๎’๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎–๎ˆ๎ˆ๎๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎”๎˜๎Œ๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎‚ณ๎๎˜๎‡๎‡๎๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎•๎’๎˜๎Š๎‹๎‚ด๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎‹๎’๎“๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎…๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€บ๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎ˆ๎๎–๎€ƒ ๎˜๎•๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‡๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎‚ฟ๎•๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎„๎๎๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎๎’๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎„๎Š๎‘๎’๎–๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎๎๎–๎€ƒ
3๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎•๎„๎‘๎†๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎˜๎Ž๎˜๎œ๎„๎๎„๎€๎€ƒThe End of History and the Last Man๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ฑ๎ˆ๎š๎€ƒ๎€ผ๎’๎•๎Ž๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎•๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎€”๎€œ๎€œ๎€•๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ
๎€ซ๎’๎š๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎•๎’๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎‹๎’๎š๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎Œ๎๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‰๎’๎•๎๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎„๎๎œ๎–๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎‘๎„๎•๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎๎’๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ
critical scholarship such as John Ikenberry, Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crises and Transformation of
the American World Order๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ณ๎•๎Œ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎—๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎Œ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎—๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎‘๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€”๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎‹๎Œ๎๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎๎Œ๎…๎ˆ๎•๎„๎๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎๎๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ
๎’๎‘๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎˜๎•๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎€‹๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎˜๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎•๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎ˆ๎Š๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎‰๎„๎–๎‹๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎„๎๎–๎’๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎–๎“๎Œ๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎’๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎๎Œ๎‘๎’๎•๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎„๎š๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ
4๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎–๎๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎’๎๎’๎Š๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎๎„๎‘๎Ž๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎–๎—๎Œ๎‘๎œ๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎•๎Œ๎ˆ๎‡๎•๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎€ฎ๎•๎„๎—๎’๎†๎‹๎š๎Œ๎๎€๎€ƒThe Status of Law
in World Society: Meditations on the Rule and role of Law๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ฆ๎„๎๎…๎•๎Œ๎‡๎Š๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎€จ๎‘๎Š๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎…๎•๎Œ๎‡๎Š๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎‘๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€๎€ƒ
๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€—๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎†๎‹๎„๎“๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€œ๎€‘
5๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎Œ๎†๎‹๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎’๎˜๎†๎„๎˜๎๎—๎€๎€ƒThe Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the College de France 1978-79๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎„๎‘๎–๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ช๎•๎„๎‹๎„๎๎€ƒ
๎€ฅ๎˜๎•๎†๎‹๎ˆ๎๎๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ฑ๎ˆ๎š๎€ƒ๎€ผ๎’๎•๎Ž๎€๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎„๎๎Š๎•๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎„๎†๎๎Œ๎๎๎„๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€›๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ
Anuรกrio Brasileiro de Direito Internacional, ISSN 1980-9484, vol.2, n.21, jul. de 2016, pp.37-71.
The Enemy Criminal Law as the Legal Foundation of the War on Terror
๎€–๎€œ
๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎‰๎„๎๎๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎˜๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎•๎ˆ๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎˜๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎˜๎‘๎‡๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎†๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎๎€ƒ ๎๎Œ๎‰๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€ท๎‹๎˜๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎Œ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎š๎ˆ๎๎๎€๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎“๎„๎•๎—๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎‰๎’๎•๎๎–๎€ƒ ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎†๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎„๎†๎—๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎‰๎˜๎•๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ
๎๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎„๎๎Œ๎–๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ ๎‘๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ ๎‘๎ˆ๎š๎€ƒ ๎‚ณ๎‡๎ˆ๎๎’๎†๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎†๎‚ด๎€ƒ ๎™๎Œ๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎๎œ๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎‘๎ˆ๎š๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ
๎Š๎๎’๎…๎„๎๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎„๎†๎‹๎€๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎’๎†๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎๎’๎™๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€๎€ƒ ๎Š๎๎’๎…๎„๎๎€ƒ๎†๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎๎€ƒ ๎–๎’๎†๎Œ๎ˆ๎—๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎€๎‡๎ˆ๎๎’๎†๎•๎„๎†๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎’๎๎Œ๎–๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€๎€ƒ
๎˜๎‘๎๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ ๎–๎˜๎†๎‹๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎‰๎’๎•๎๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎‰๎’๎•๎๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎„๎๎œ๎–๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎Š๎˜๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎๎Œ๎–๎‚ฟ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎‹๎„๎•๎„๎†๎—๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎˜๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ
To that extent, the present paper understands itself as a modest contribution
to a โ€œbig problemโ€ that usually stays out of sight because of the limitations of
disciplinary understandings that in a way prejudge the solutions. What is needed
๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎Ž๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎„๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎‘๎ƒ€๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎™๎„๎๎˜๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎˜๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎๎Œ๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎˜๎•๎€ƒ ๎–๎’๎†๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎’๎•๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎–๎€ƒ
which law tries to mediate through its claim to supreme authority in a polity
๎€‹Herrschaftsverband๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎Œ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎•๎’๎˜๎Š๎‹๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎–๎˜๎…๎๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎๎๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎๎…๎ˆ๎•๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎š๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ
through a list of accepted sources6. This subjection need not be perfect and can be
๎†๎’๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎ˆ๎•๎—๎„๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎๎Œ๎๎Œ๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎†๎’๎Š๎‘๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎Œ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎ƒ€๎Œ๎†๎—๎€ƒ
๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎‡๎Œ๎–๎€Œ๎€๎„๎๎๎’๎š๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎€‹๎–๎˜๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎„๎Ž๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎˜๎“๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎๎–๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎๎“๎’๎š๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ
๎๎„๎Ž๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎˜๎—๎‹๎’๎•๎Œ๎—๎„๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€‘
๎€ณ๎‹๎•๎„๎–๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎†๎‹๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ๎€บ๎ˆ๎…๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎œ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎“๎ˆ๎•๎‹๎„๎“๎–๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎€ซ๎’๎…๎…๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎‰๎„๎–๎‹๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ
๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎‹๎’๎š๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎„๎๎Œ๎–๎—๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎„๎๎œ๎–๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎•๎„๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎Œ๎‚ฟ๎†๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎‰๎˜๎๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎๎’๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ
we do not mistake ideal types for simple representations of โ€œrealityโ€. Rather ideal types
๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎˜๎•๎Œ๎–๎—๎Œ๎†๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎™๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎๎๎˜๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎๎“๎Œ๎•๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎๎ˆ๎๎–๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎†๎๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎’๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎ˆ๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎’๎˜๎•๎€ƒ
๎†๎’๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎“๎—๎˜๎„๎๎Œ๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€บ๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎„๎Ž๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎‰๎’๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎—๎•๎˜๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‚ณ๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎๎„๎š๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎˜๎•๎€ƒ
๎“๎•๎Œ๎–๎๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎„๎๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎๎ˆ๎๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎‰๎„๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎’๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎๎๎’๎š๎–๎€ƒ๎˜๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎„๎๎œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎–๎„๎‰๎ˆ๎Š๎˜๎„๎•๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎•๎˜๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ
๎๎„๎š๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎๎’๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎•๎ˆ๎“๎˜๎…๎๎Œ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎‚ด๎€๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒRechtsstaat7 ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฎ๎„๎‘๎—๎Œ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎„๎‡๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎•๎„๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎‘๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎๎Œ๎…๎ˆ๎•๎„๎๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎„๎‡๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎„๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎๎„๎š๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎‚ฟ๎•๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎“๎’๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ
๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ช๎ˆ๎•๎๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎“๎ˆ๎‘๎’๎๎’๎Š๎Œ๎–๎—๎€ƒ ๎€ช๎‚๎‘๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎„๎Ž๎’๎…๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎๎„๎—๎†๎‹๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎—๎—๎œ๎€ƒ ๎†๎๎’๎–๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎Š๎„๎๎€ƒ
stance which the U.S. administration took in justifying its measures in the war on terror,
๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ ๎„๎๎–๎’๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎•๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎๎–๎’๎€ƒ ๎„๎‡๎’๎“๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€บ๎‹๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎š๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎•๎„๎†๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎“๎ˆ๎‡๎Œ๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎๎๎ˆ๎†๎—๎˜๎„๎๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎Š๎„๎๎€ƒ๎‹๎Œ๎–๎—๎’๎•๎Œ๎„๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎–๎—๎„๎…๎๎Œ๎–๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎Œ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎๎Œ๎Š๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎‚ด๎€ƒ
๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎„๎Ž๎’๎…๎–๎‚ถ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎“๎—๎˜๎„๎๎Œ๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎€‹๎–๎˜๎•๎“๎•๎Œ๎–๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎“๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎•๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎š๎’๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎‰๎‰๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ
๎„๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎š๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎–๎‹๎„๎๎๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎˜๎•๎–๎ˆ๎๎™๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎“๎—๎˜๎„๎๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎–๎˜๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ ๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎๎„๎š๎€ƒ
๎†๎•๎ˆ๎„๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎Š๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎๎„๎†๎œ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎–๎œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎๎–๎€ƒ๎˜๎–๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎Š๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎Œ๎‘๎†๎Œ๎“๎๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎–๎—๎Œ๎‚ฟ๎†๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ
๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎Ž๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎‘๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€๎๎’๎™๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎๎‡๎€ƒ ๎˜๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ ๎€ƒ
๎†๎’๎‘๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎€‹๎š๎•๎Œ๎—๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎š๎•๎Œ๎—๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎–๎œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎…๎„๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€ฉ๎•๎’๎๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎๎„๎•๎Ž๎–๎€๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎“๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎Š๎˜๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎‰๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ
๎…๎•๎Œ๎ˆ๎‰๎€ƒ๎’๎˜๎—๎๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎„๎Ž๎’๎…๎–๎‚ถ๎€ƒ๎€จ๎‘๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎•๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎„๎š๎€ƒ๎€‹๎–๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎€ฌ๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎š๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎–๎†๎˜๎–๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€บ๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎ˆ๎•๎•๎’๎•๎€ƒ
6๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎‘๎„๎†๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎๎„๎š๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎†๎˜๎–๎—๎’๎๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎ˆ๎„๎—๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎€‹๎„๎๎’๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎๎’๎’๎–๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎‰๎ˆ๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎•๎˜๎๎ˆ๎•๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎‰๎˜๎๎๎€๎…๎๎’๎š๎‘๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎†๎’๎‘๎€
๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎„๎˜๎—๎‹๎’๎•๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎œ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎†๎Ž๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎š๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎–๎—๎˜๎๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎„๎•๎—๎Œ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎•๎˜๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎†๎’๎Š๎‘๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎€ฎ๎ˆ๎๎–๎ˆ๎‘๎Œ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ
๎‚ณ๎€ช๎•๎˜๎‘๎‡๎‘๎’๎•๎๎‚ด๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎€‘๎€ฏ๎€‘๎€ค๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎„๎•๎—๎€๎€ƒThe Concept of Law๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ฒ๎›๎‰๎’๎•๎‡๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎๎„๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎€”๎€œ๎€™๎€–๎€Œ๎€ž๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎„๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎€ฎ๎ˆ๎๎–๎ˆ๎‘๎€๎€ƒPrinciples of
International Law 2nd๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ต๎’๎…๎ˆ๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎€ท๎˜๎†๎Ž๎ˆ๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎ˆ๎š๎€ƒ๎€ผ๎’๎•๎Ž๎€๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎’๎๎—๎€ƒ๎€ต๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎‹๎„๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€บ๎Œ๎‘๎–๎—๎’๎‘๎€”๎€œ๎€™๎€™๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ
7๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€บ๎‹๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎š๎’๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎“๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ ๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ๎‰๎„๎–๎‹๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎–๎˜๎‰๎‚ฟ๎†๎Œ๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎๎„๎“๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎˜๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎˜๎•๎“๎’๎–๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ
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