La situación del mundo del trabajo. ¿De una crisis a la siguiente?
El estudio, titulado “World of Work Report 2010 - from one crisis to the next?” (Informe sobre el Trabajo en el Mundo - ¿De una crisis a la siguiente?), señala que, tras tres años de crisis, la economía mundial ha retomado la senda del crecimiento. Sin embargo, el informe, a cargo del Instituto Internacional de Estudios Laborales de la OIT, advierte también de que “nuevas sombras se ciernen sobre el horizonte del empleo”.
El estudio señala que, si se mantienen las políticas actuales, la recuperación del empleo hasta alcanzar niveles previos a la crisis se demorará más allá de 2015 en las economías avanzadas, y no hasta 2013, como se pronosticó el pasado año. Son necesarios más de 8 millones de nuevos puestos de trabajo, se asegura, para retomar los niveles de empleo anteriores a la crisis, sólo en los países en desarrollo.
“Cuanto más se prolongue la recesión del mercado laboral, mayores serán las dificultades para los que tratan de acceder a un nuevo puesto de trabajo”, según refiere el informe de la OIT. “En los 35 países de los que se dispone de datos, casi el 40% de los solicitantes de empleo lleva más de un año sin trabajo y, por tanto, corre un riesgo significativo de padecer desmoralización, pérdida de autoestima y problemas de salud mental.”
El estudio subraya la urgencia de los llamamientos realizados en una reciente conferencia conjunta de la OIT y el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) sobre el emplazamiento de la creación de empleo en un lugar prioritario de la recuperación económica, así como la conversión del pleno empleo en un objetivo macroeconómico primordial, junto al mantenimiento de un bajo nivel de inflación y la aplicación de políticas fiscales fundadas.
El estudio de la OIT formula un planteamiento en torno a tres ejes para salir de la crisis. El primero de ellos consiste en el refuerzo de las políticas centradas en el empleo, atenuando el riesgo del desempleo a largo plazo. Tales políticas han de incluir medidas encaminadas a apoyar a grupos vulnerables, a la formación que permita atender las necesidades de la recuperación, y a la protección social orientada al empleo. Dichas medidas se han utilizado con éxito en diversas regiones del mundo, y no suponen un gran coste para el erario público.
El segundo eje político consistiría en la promoción de un vínculo más estrecho entre los salarios y las mejoras de la productividad. Tal medida, según muestra el estudio, resultaría más eficaz para reforzar el crecimiento en todos los países que las variaciones de los tipos de cambio.
El tercero de los ejes atañe a la obligación de llevar a cabo una reforma financiera que permita que el ahorro se canalice hacia inversiones más productivas y la creación de puestos de trabajo más estables.
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