Prologo
Author | Isabel Hernández Gómez |
Pages | 13-16 |
Page 13
Sin ningún género de dudas, los Derechos Humanos, entendidos en su acepción más genérica, constituyen una gigantesca idea-fuerza que intenta unir a todos los seres humanos en torno al respeto a las garantías de vida y convivencia más esenciales. Como tal idea-fuerza, ha librado y está librando múltiples pugnas por alcanzar reconocimiento -definitivo y auténtico- en los ordenamientos jurídicos nacionales e internacionales. Es un camino plagado de dificultades y obstáculos, donde se utilizan, con frecuencia, fundamentos y medios que conducen a confusión y engaño. Estos problemas impeditivos se concentran, mayoritariamente, en tres vertientes: Ia) Fijar los derechos susceptibles de ser incluidos entre los Derechos Humanos; 2a) Acogimiento de los Derechos Humanos por los ordenamientos jurídicos nacionales, con las correspondientes medidas singulares de protección jurisdiccional; y 3a) Reconocimiento y amparo jurisdiccional por el Derecho Internacional.
En el primero de los campos mencionados está planteado un debate entre dos posturas opuestas. Un sector de la doctrina, calificado por algunos de in-movilista, estima que en los Derechos Humanos sólo cabe incluir a los denominados de primera generación (derechos civiles y políticos), por ser los que no mantienen vínculos con el Estado ni imponen un determinado modelo cultural. Otros autores, desde planteamientos aperturistas, defienden la integración de los derechos sociales, económicos y culturales, representantes de la segunda generación; a los que pretende sumar, un número más reducido de defensores, los derechos, entre otros, relativos al desarrollo, patrimonio de la humanidad, medio ambiente y asistencia humanitaria, componentes de la llamada tercera generación; apoyan su postura en la evidente sustitución, producida en el siglo XIX, de los fundamentos liberal-burgueses, que inspiran la primera generación, por los económicos y sociales, predominantes en los dos últimos siglos.
Aparentemente, la segunda de las zonas acotadas no merece ser calificada de centro de dificultades, si nos atenemos a que la abrumadora mayoría de las Constituciones de todos los países del mundo incluyen una declaración de Derechos Humanos. Desde las pioneras Declaración de Derechos de Virginia (1776), Declaración de Independencia de los Estados Unidos de América (1776) y Declaración Francesa (1789), pasando por las más destacada Cartas Fundamentales decimonónicas y las aprobadas en la primera mitad de siglo...
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- Sistemas internacionales de Derechos humanos
- Prologo
- Abreviaturas
- Introducción
- Introducción general a los derechos fundamentales
- El proceso de positivación y protección de los derechos humanos a través de la historia
- La protección internacional de los derechos humanos. El sistema universal de la O.N.U.
- El sistema regional americano. El sistema regional africano
- Los derechos humanos en el ámbito del consejo de Europa
- Indice bibliográfico de autores
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