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- Parte Segunda. La Competencia de la Corte Penal Internacional
El principio de complementariedad
Author | Nicolás Cabezudo Rodríguez |
El principio de complementariedad que condiciona la actuaciÛn de la Corte se articula procesalmente como presupuesto general de procedibilidad o de admisibilidad de la causa8. En aplicaciÛn de este principio y con arreglo a lo dispuesto en el art. 17 la Corte no conocer· de los asuntos que se encontraran en cualquiera de las siguientes situaciones:
• Los que estuvieran siendo investigados o enjuiciados, en esos momentos, por los Tribunales del Estado que tenga jurisdicciÛn sobre ellos.
• Cuando, en el marco de las jurisdicciones nacionales, se hubiera decidido no ejercer la acciÛn penal, estimamos que bien porque se hubiere sobreseido la causa o bien porque se hubiera declinado el ejercicio de la acusaciÛn por el Ûrgano encargado de hacerla efectiva, en ambos casos de modo definitivo.
• Porque el ilÌcito estuviera bajo los efectos de cosa juzgada, al haberse enjuiciado ya la conducta de que se trate9.
AmÈn de aquellos otros que no revistieran suficiente gravedad.
La Corte, no obstante, tiene atribuida la facultad de valorar las situaciones descritas, pudiendo reafirmar su competencia, aunque se encontrara pendiente la causa ante la jurisdicciÛn nacional, si se acredita la falta de voluntad real o la imposibilidad material de llevar a cabo la investigaciÛn o el enjuiciamiento [art. 17.1.a) y b), in fine, y 17.2 y 3], e incluso desplazando el efecto de cosa juzgada cuando concluya que el proceso se sustanciÛ > [art. 20.3.a)]10, o con infracciÛn de los principios de independencia e imparcialidad que deben presidir la actividad jurisdiccional > [art. 20.3.b)].
Extremadamente optimista acerca de la operatividad de este principio afirma ESCOBAR HERN¡NDEZ:
>11.
Cierto es que los elementos de juicio que el Estatuto suministra al Tribunal no gozan de la concreciÛn que resultarÌa deseable, pudiendo cuestionar el "propÛsito" que subyace en la actividad o en la inactividad de los Ûrganos jurisdiccionales nacionales, como se evidencia en los factores cuya ponderaciÛn puede determinar la derogaciÛn de la firmeza de la resoluciÛn12. Subjetivismo que tambiÈn se manifiesta cuando, en orden a valorar la disposiciÛn a actuar de los Tribunales nacionales, la CPI. atender·, en los tÈrminos del Estatuto, a factores tales como la existencia de > o a que >, circunstancias que, en ambos casos, resultaran > [art. 17.2.b) y c)]. Mientras que la constancia de una administraciÛn de la justicia nacional colapsada o, meramente, el hecho de carecer de ella, aisladamente...
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