De las penas contra los litigantes temerarios
Author | Francisco Samper |
Pages | 415-419 |
Page 415
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Se castiga tanto la temeridad de los demandantes como la de los demandados; una veces con pena pecuniaria, otras con la obligación de cumplir el juramento, otras con la amenaza de infamia. En ciertos casos el pretor establece una acción al duplo contra los que se obstinan en resistir, como sucede con la acción ejecutiva, de regreso, de daño injusto, o en virtud de legados damnatorios. En otros casos, se permite hacer promesa, por ejemplo, de cantidad cierta de dinero prestado y en la de cantidad constituida a plazo. Pero cuando es por cantidad cierta de dinero prestado, la promesa es por la tercera parte; en cambio, cuando es por una cantidad constituida a plazo, la promesa es por la mitad.
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Y si el demandado no está sometido al riesgo ni de una promesa procesal ni de condena al doble, por ser desde el principio la acción a cuantía simple del asunto, al demandante permite el pretor exigir un juramento de que no resiste por calumnia, esto es, temerariamente. De modo que, a pesar de que los herederos o los que están en su lugar no responden sino de lo que han hecho personalmente, y aunque se considere que las mujeres y pupilos están exentos del riesgo de promesa procesal, ordena el pretor a todos ellos también presten juramento.
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La acción, a veces, es desde el principio por más que el importe simple del asunto; por ejemplo, la de hurto flagrante, por el cuádruplo; la de hurto no flagrante, por el doble; hurto encontrado y transferido, por el triple. En estos casos y en algunos otros, tanto si el demandado resiste como si cede, la acción es por cantidad superior al simple.
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La calumnia del actor se castiga unas veces con el juicio de calumnia, otras con el juicio contrario, otras por el juramento, otras por la restipulación.
Page 417
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El juicio de calumnia se puede oponer en todas las acciones, y es por la décima parte, excepto contra el que reclama la libertad de un esclavo, que es por un tercio.
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El demandado puede elegir entre oponer acción de calumnia, o exigir juramento de que el demandante no litiga temerariamente.
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En ciertos casos se da el juicio contrario, por ejemplo, si se litiga con la acción de injuria; si se litiga con una mujer de la que se dice que, habiendo recibido algo en posesión a nombre del hijo que está por nacer, transfirió la posesión a otro con dolo, y si alguien litiga contra el que no admite que entre en posesión aquel en cuyo favor el pretor decretó un embargo. En la acción de injuria, el...
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