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Author | Juan Antonio Carrillo Salcedo |
Profession | Medalla de Oro de Cruz Roja Española. Profesor Emérito de la Universidad de Sevilla (España) |
Pages | 11-14 |
Page 11
El Derecho Internacional Humanitario ha experimentado indudables progresos tanto en el plano institucional como en el sustantivo.
En el primero, la aparición de Tribunales penales internacionales ad hoc y de la Corte Penal Internacional constituyen importantes hitos y progresos. Por otra parte, es innegable la progresiva implicación del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas en la aplicación del Derecho Internacional Humanitario, hecho sin duda positivo a pesar de su criticable carácter selectivo, inherente a la naturaleza política del órgano al que la Carta de las Naciones Unidas confiere la responsabilidad primordial en orden al mantenimiento de la paz y seguridad internacionales.
Del mismo modo, en el plano sustantivo es innegable la tendencia hacia la unificación del régimen jurídico aplicable tanto a los conflictos armados de carácter internacional como a los conflictos armados sin carácter internacional, confirmada por el Estatuto de la Corte Penal Internacional y la jurisprudencia de la Corte Internacional de Justicia y de los Tribunales Penales Internacionales ad hoc.
Page 12
No obstante, es igualmente cierto el hecho de las violaciones –muchas veces sistemáticas y brutales– de los principios y normas del Derecho Internacional Humanitario y del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos en los conflictos armados que se desarrollan en el interior de Estados, lo que suscita la pregunta de si el Derecho tiene respuestas adecuadas respecto de estas situaciones que indiscutiblemente ponen de manifiesto un claro divorcio entre norma y realidad.
Uno de los mayores desafíos a los que hoy se enfrenta el Derecho Internacional Humanitario consiste, en efecto, en fortalecer la aplicación de sus principios y normas en los conflictos armados no internacionales, pues una amplia mayoría de los conflictos armados contemporáneos tiene lugar dentro de las fronteras de los Estados y es indiscutible que, en ese contexto, el respeto del Derecho Internacional Humanitario es manifiestamente precario e insuficiente.
La experiencia de América Latina en la materia es del mayor interés porque se trata de una región especialmente afectada por ese tipo de conflictos, como los ejemplos de El Salvador, Nicaragua, Perú, Guatemala y Colombia, entre otros, ponen de manifiesto. De ahí la oportunidad de un estudio como el de la Dra. Elizabeth Salmón Gárate sobre la implementación del Derecho Internacional Humanitario en los ordenamientos jurídicos...
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