Introducción. Guía para reconocer a los paternalistas

Pages9-19
AuthorGiorgio Maniaci
INTRODUCCIÓN
GUÍA PARA RECONOCER
A LOS PATERNALISTAS
El problema general sobre el cual los paternalistas y los antipaternalistas
debaten se reere a lo siguiente: si, y hasta qué punto, una persona puede,
legítimamente, disponer de su propio cuerpo o de su propia vida; si, y hasta
qué punto, puede causarse (aquello que muchos consideran) un «daño». En
particular, los paternalistas y los antipaternalistas discuten acerca de cues-
tiones morales y jurídicas muy controvertidas, como la licitud/ilicitud de la
prostitución, de los rituales religiosos de agelación de la carne, de la venta
y el consumo de sustancias estupefacientes, de la eutanasia, del suicidio
asistido, de los deportes de riesgo, hasta llegar a casos extremos, como la
posibilidad de comercializar partes del propio cuerpo.
En extrema síntesis, el paternalismo jurídico sostiene que el Estado
tiene derecho a limitar la libertad del individuo, a través de la coacción
—por ejemplo, las sanciones penales—, para tutelar (aquello que se pre-
tende que constituye) el bien del individuo mismo, con el n de impedir
que se cause un daño, incluso si no causa un daño a terceros. De acuerdo
con el antipaternalismo jurídico, en extrema síntesis, el Estado no tiene
derecho a usar la coacción para limitar las elecciones, racionales y libres
de constricciones, de un individuo adulto, incluso allí donde estas elec-
ciones le causen un daño, por ejemplo físico o psicofísico, al individuo en
cuestión (a condición de que no causen daños a terceros, por supuesto). Al
paternalismo jurídico, a su «confutación», y a la defensa del antipaterna-
lismo, está dedicado este libro.

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