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- La Eximente de Anomalía o Alteración Psíquica en el Derecho Penal Comparado. Alemania. Italia. Francia
Introducción
Author | Eladio José Mateo Ayala |
Profession | Doctor en Derecho. Abogado Profesor Asociado de Derecho penal en la Universidad de Zaragoza |
Pages | 15-17 |
Page 15
El contenido de este libro constituye una exposición crítica de la opción legislativa (modelo de fórmula) en cuanto a la configuración de la eximente derivada de la presencia de trastornos mentales (según terminología utilizada por los modernos índices internacionales de desórdenes mentales)1, incluida en el StGB y en los Códigos penales Francés e Italiano; así como de los sistemas de medidas de seguridad2, susceptibles de aplicar a estasPage 16 personas, anormales psíquicas3, peligrosos criminales, adoptados por sus respectivos Ordenamientos jurídicos.
Tanto el sistema legislativo adoptado por el Código penal Francés como por el StGB y el Código Rocco en cuanto al planteamiento de la inimputabilidad a consecuencia de trastornos psíquicos responden al método mixto, al exigir, todos ellos, un presupuesto bio-psiquiátrico y unos efectos psicológicos.
En lo que concierne a la regulación del sistema de medidas de seguridad, tanto el sistema alemán como el italiano resultan satisfactorios en cuanto que supeditan el cese de la medida de seguridad de internamiento psiquiátrico, a la constatación de la cesación efectiva del estado personal de "peligrosidad criminal" del sometido a la medida. El ordenamiento jurídico francés recurre, sin embargo, al concepto más amplio de "peligrosidad social", al no exigirse, sólo y expresamente, la desaparición del riesgo de comisión de futuros delitos.
Por lo que respecta al Código penal italiano, si bien resulta plausible la ausencia de previsión normativa en orden a una limitación máxima de duración de la institucionalización psiquiátrica en función del tiempo de la pena a imponer, es criticable sin embargo, en cuanto que tal limitación (de la medida) existe respecto a la duración mínima, que tiene en consideración la gravedad del hecho cometido. Esta última previsión legal supone incurrir en una confusión grave acerca de los fundamentos de las medidas de seguridad y de las penas (peligrosidad y culpabilidad, respectivamente). La eventual inseguridad de una indeterminación temporal máxima, puede ser, en cierto modo solventada a través del instituto del "reexamen de la peligrosidad" previsto en el Código penal Italiano. Los tres ordenamiento jurídicos (Italia, Francia y Alemania) recogen un sistema de control (más pormenorizado en el caso de Francia) de la ejecución de internamientoPage 17 psiquiátrico, que permite soslayar la inseguridad jurídica que produce la indeterminación.
No es convincente la...
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