Introdução
Author | José Antonio Farah Lopes de Lima |
Profession | Funcionário do Estado de São Paulo |
Pages | 19-22 |
Page 19
A universalidade dos direitos humanos remete preferencialmente a um universo mental do que a um universo real. Afirmada pela Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem de 1948, esta universalidade ainda está por ser construída1. Trata-se, pois, como a globalização econômica, de um processo em curso, que possui várias interrogações suscitadas por sua aparente fragilidade. Porém, com a diferença (em relação à globalização econômica) de que este processo, que pode ser chamado de “universalização” dos direitos humanos, não tende à difusão de um modelo único, a partir de um ponto único, mas, sobretudo, à emergência, em diversos pontos (ou regiões) do mundo, de uma mesma vontade de reconhecer os direitos humanos, ou seja, os direitos comuns a todos os seres humanos. Neste sentido, a universalidade dos direitos humanos implica muito mais um compartilhar de sentidos e mesmo um enriquecimento de sentidos, pela troca de culturas e valores, do que o desejo de se construir um sentido único e universal. Em outras palavras: todas as sociedades vivem alguma coisa das exigências dos direitos humanos, mas cada uma à sua maneira. E o que fazer a partir desta constatação? Simplesmente procurar aproximar estas “diferentes culturas” ou “diferentes maneiras”, para que elas se interpenetrem e se enriqueçam mutuamente.
É o que estamos procurando fazer com esta obra: procurar aproximar a cultura européia de direitos humanos, a partir de uma análise jurisprudencial da Convenção Européia de Direitos Humanos, à cultura americana de direitos humanos, cultura esta baseada na Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos e sua aplicação pela Corte Americana de Direitos Humanos.
A diferença essencial é aquela que diz respeito aos mecanismos de controle, dado ser o verdadeiro teste de vontade política de assegurar, por seu emprego, a proteção eficaz de uma lista de direitos humanos. Em termos de
Page 20
controle, a grande inovação foi a introdução do princípio do recurso individual contra um Estado em caso de violação dos direitos humanos fundamentais, fazendo entrar assim os direitos humanos no campo jurídico, e não mais apenas no campo político, das declarações e boas intenções, vez que são oponíveis como norma com força de lei, graças ao controle exercido pelas cortes jurisdicionais, e contra o Estado, pelo emprego dos mecanismos inter-nacionais de proteção dos direitos humanos.
A este respeito, o mecanismo adotado pela Convenção Européia de Direitos Humanos...
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