La institucionalidad económica
| Author | Íñigo Macías Aymar |
| Pages | 112-122 |
112 II. POLÍTICA, DESIGUALDAD Y DESCONFIANZA
LA INSTITUCIONALIDAD ECONóMICA
Íñigo ma C í a s ay m a r
*
«Economies that adopt the formal rules of another economy will have very
different performance characteristics than the first economy because of different
informal norms and enforcement [with the implication that] transferring the
formal political and economic rules of successful Western economies to third-
world and Eastern European economies is not a sufficient condition for good
economic performance».
Douglas no r T H (1994)
1. LA AGENDA DE LA BUENA GOBERNANzA
Más de dos décadas han transcurrido desde la abrumadora irrupción de la
gobernanza en la agenda internacional del desarrollo. A pesar de las profundas
reformas emprendidas en el marco del Consenso de Washington (finales de la
década de 1980), la incapacidad de los Estados para proveer a la sociedad de
bienes y servicios públicos adecuados, o su captura por parte de grupos de interés
en detrimento de una gran mayoría parecían resultado de un débil entramado de
reglas y normas a la hora de «gobernar» la vida social, política y económica. Estas
instituciones, además, incluían no solo las leyes formales y escritas, fundamenta-
das en adecuados mecanismos de imposición, sino que hacían referencia también
a las reglas informales, aquellas que aunque no estaban escritas, establecían del
mismo modo marcos de conducta.
Esta incapacidad de los Estados minaba letalmente o abocaba al fracaso cual-
quier iniciativa privada, ya fuera de la empresa o de la sociedad civil, distorsio-
nando por tanto las expectativas de desarrollo. De manera resumida, el diag-
nóstico concluía que las normas y reglas presentes en esos países se mostraban
incapaces de proveer la necesaria previsibilidad que necesitan las sociedades para
funcionar.
Desde entonces, la «mala gobernanza», como hecho característico y común
de los entonces países en desarrollo, ha sido considerada como un elemento esen-
cial a la hora de explicar su bajo rendimiento en términos de crecimiento econó-
mico y de desarrollo humano. Cualquier diagnóstico referido a las causas que ex-
* Profesor asociado del IBEI.
LIBRO AMERICA LA.indb 112 13/11/13 10:54:11
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