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- El Sistema Penal
Sobre la impunidad y los delitos sin pena: una denuncia criminológica
Author | Wolf Paul |
Pages | 291-294 |
Page 291
Desde el año de 2002 está en vigor el precioso Völkerstrafgesetzbuch, como contribución destacada de Alemania al ordenamiento sancionador del Derecho Internacional Público y al combate contra las formas más graves de la delincuencia internacional, como son el "genocidio", los "crímenes contra la humanidad" y los "crímenes de guerra". En virtud de este Código Penal Internacional, el Estado alemán se reserva la autoridad para perseguir los crímenes internacionales estipulados por él mismo, aun cuando sean come-tidos fuera de sus fronteras e independientemente de lo dispuesto en la órden interna (§ 1). Utilizando el principio de justicia universal, el Völkerstrafgesetzbuch alemán se une al Estatuto del Tribunal Penal Internacional en el intento de perseguir dichos delitos habitualmente no perseguidos, es decir, los delitos de violación masiva de derechos humanos cometidos por órganos del poder público y personas responsables en funciones similares. Por lo tanto, la justicia penal internacional tiene por objetivo llenar el vacío de punibilidad o espacio de impunidad que es significativa de la materia criminal en cuestión.
Refiriéndose explícitamente al Völkerstrafgesetzbuch la ONG americana Center for Constitucional Rights de Nueva York ha presentado recientemente, en la Bundesanwaltschaft (Fiscalería Federal de Alemania), una denuncia formal contra el Ministro de Defensa de los EE.UU., el señor Donald Rumsfeld, entonces director del CIA, George Tenet, el General Ricardo Sánchez y otros oficiales del ejercito americano y funcionarios del Pentágono por haber cometido el delito de crimen de guerra y tortura contra los detenidos de la cárcel Abu Ghraib en Iraq, por haber lesionado gravemente los derechos básicos de los internados, protegidos por los convenios humanitarios de la comunidad internacional. No cabe duda que los hechos delictivos cometidos en Abu Ghraib y en Guantánamo caen bajo la tipicidad formalizada por el Código alemán, obligando a la Fiscalía a iniciar procedimientos de instrucción penal. Por otro lado, la Bundesanwaltschaft no procederá contra el Ministro de Defensa de los EE.UU. y los demás denunciados, por una razón obvia: el Ministro y los demás responsables de torturas en cárceles militares americanos son considerados impunes katexochen, es decir exentos de responsabilidad y enjuiciamiento criminal por excelencia.
Todo saber jurídico penal parte del imperativo categórico kantiano: Strafe muß sein. Quienes cometen un delito, serán castigados. La pena es la reacción imprescindible del
Page 292
Estado al acto delictivo. "Castigar a los delincuentes", es el imperativo categórico de todo Derecho Penal. La Justicia asume la garantía de penalización de cada persona que sea criminalmente responsable.
No debe ser ni puede ser cualquier delito sin pena. Según el propio Kant, hay que ejecutar a todo asesino antes que suceda el éxodo de un pueblo fuera de su territorio (Inselbeispiel). Consecuentemente, la dógmatica jurídico-penal, fundada en el concepto básico de la "acción" y del "delito", desconoce la impunidad (Straflosigkeit) como término...
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