De las garantías que han de prestar los que litigan
Author | Francisco Samper |
Pages | 375-381 |
Page 375
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Veamos ahora en qué casos la persona con quien se litiga es obligada a prestar garantía.
Page 377
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Si, por ejemplo, yo te demando con una acción real, debes darme garantía, ya que se estimó conveniente que, al concederte la posesión de una cosa, de la que no hay certeza de si te pertenece, garantices con una promesa que, en caso de resultar vencido y no restituir la cosa ni pagar la estimación de ella, pueda yo litigar o bien contigo o bien con tus fiadores.
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Con mayor razón debes darme garantía si asumes el juicio en nombre de otro.
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La acción real puede ser de dos formas: mediante fórmula petitoria y mediante promesa. Si se hace mediante fórmula petitoria, tiene lugar la estipulación llamada “de pago de condena, o iudicatum solvi”; si mediante promesa, la denominada “pro praede litis et vindiciarum”, esto es, “en vez del garante por el objeto litigioso y sus frutos”.
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La fórmula petitoria es aquella por la cual el actor pretende “que la cosa es suya”.
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Por la fórmula mediante promesa litigamos de otro modo: provocamos al adversario con esta promesa: “Si el esclavo por el cual litigamos es mío por derecho de los Quintes, ¿prometes darme veinticinco sestercios?” Luego redactamos la fórmula con la que pretendemos que se nos debe dar el total de la promesa; con esa fórmula ganamos el litigio sólo si logramos probar que la cosa es nuestra.
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En realidad, la promesa no se cobra, ya que no constituye una pena, sino sólo un trámite prejudicial, y tiene por único fin deducir, a través de ella, una acción real. Este es el motivo por el cual el demandado no restipula. La garantía se llama “pro praede litis et vindiciarum” porque sustituía al fiador que antiguamente, en las acciones de ley, presentaba el poseedor al demandante, por el resultado del litigio y la posesión interina, es decir, por la cosa y los frutos.
Page 379
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Y si el litigio es ante centunviros, no pedimos el total de la promesa mediante la fórmula, sino mediante acción de ley, por apuesta sacramental. Y esta promesa está fijada en ciento veinticinco sestercios por la ley Crepereia.
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Si el que demanda mediante acción real lo hace en nombre propio, no da caución.
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Y aun si litiga por medio de cognitor, ni él ni el dueño han de dar caución, ya que como el cognitor ha sido designado solemnemente para sustituir al dueño, se considera con toda razón que ocupa el lugar de éste.
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En cambio, si litiga un procurador, debe dar caución de que el dueño dará por válida la...
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- De la división de las acciones
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- De las acciones adyecticias
- De las acciones noxales
- De los que litigan a nombre de otro
- De las garantías que han de prestar los que litigan
- Cómo se extinguen las acciones
- De las excepciones, replicaciones, duplicación y triplicación
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- De las penas contra los litigantes temerarios
- De la citación a litigio y el vadimonio
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