O direito internacional entendido como ordem normativa autônoma
| Author | Leonardo Nemer Caldeira Brant |
| Position | Doutor em Direito Público pela Université Paris X Nanterre |
| Pages | 1-36 |
!∀#∃%&∋()∗#+(∃,)−.)(∗#/.#/)(.)0∗#)%0.(%∃1)∗%∃−#
#
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3( ∀=(>?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
!!
!
!∀#∃%&∃∋!∀∃(∋&%()∗∃!()+∀&(∋&(#∃#!∀∗!,!∀!%#&,∀
(!%,)∋∃−)∀).∋/(!,)!
!
∀#∃%&∋(∃!)#∗#∋!+&,(#−∋&!.∋&%/
!
!
!
0&%/!1−&! %&! &2/∃%∃∗−&!2∗!3∋−%453−∃! 6%−4∃! #!4∃%(−4−∃%&%/#!(#!/∃(&7! &7! %∃∋∗&7!#!
(#1#∋#78!9,#!&!&77−∗−,&1&:! &77−∗:!&∃!4∃%4#−/∃! (#!,−;#∋(&(#!#!(#!−%(#3#%( /∋&/&%(∃=&!
4∃∗∃!7−%>%−∗∃!(#!&2/∃772?−4−#!(&!?&42,(&(#!(#!&2/∃≅∃1#∋%∃
∀
8!Α!&2/∃%∃∗−&!(#1#∋−&!
∋#3∋#7#%/&∋:!3∃∋/&%/∃:!&!4&3&4−(&(#!(#!2∗!#%/#!Β2&,Β2#∋! (#!7#∋!∋#≅−(∃!3#,&7!72&7!3∋Χ3∋−&7!
,#−7! #! (#! (#/#∋∗−%&∋! 7#2! 4∃%/#6(∃! #! 7#27! #?#−/∃7:! 7#∗! −%/#∋?#∋
723#∋−∃∋8!9,&!∆:!&77−∗:!2∗&!Β2&,−(&(#! (#,#≅&(&!&! 2∗!(#/#∋∗−%&(∃!72Ε#−/∃:!∃2!∃;Ε#/∃:!Β2#!
4∃∗!#,#!%Φ∃!7#!4∃%?2%(#
#
8!!
Γ&−7!3∋#4#−/∃7! 3∃(#∗!7#∋!&3,−4&(∃7!#! &(&3/&(∃7!Η!#7?#∋&!%∃∋∗&/−1&! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!
Α77−∗:!∋#4∃%Ι#4#∋!&!&2/∃%∃∗−&!(∃!(−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!7−≅%−?−4&∋−&! ∃;7#∋1&∋!Β2#!∃7!7#27!
?2%(&∗#%/∃7:!#! &! 72&! #ϑ−7/%Φ∃!#7/Φ∃! 72;∃∋(−%&(∃7! Η7! 4∃%(−4−∃%&%/#7!(#∋−1&(&7!(∃!
(−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%∃8! Κ7/∃! %Φ∃! Β2#∋! (−Λ#∋! Β2#! &∗;&7! &7! ∃∋(#%7! %∃∋∗&/−1&7! %Φ∃! 3∃77&∗! 1−∋! &!
4∃∗3∃∋!2∗!/∃(∃!2%∃!#!−%(−1−751#,:!#7/&%(∃!?−%&,∗#%/#!&/∋#,&(&7!#!4∃%#4/&(&7!%&!7−∗;∃,∃≅−&!
!
!
!∀#∃%&∋∃()∗+!,∗−∃∋∃.(!)∗!/0∀%1!2+∗)&.∋3∋)()#!#4!2#∃%&∋∃(1!∀567!8∗&.∗+!#4!8∋+#∋.∗!∀9:−∋;∗!2#−(!<=∋3#+∃∋.>!
∀(+∋∃!?!0(=.#++#7!≅#∃#!)#!)∗&.∗+()∗!−(&+#()(!;∗4!∗!Α∀+∋Β!)&!Χ∋=∋∃.∆+#!)#!−(!Ε#;Φ#+;Φ#Α1!#4!∀(+∋∃1!Γ+(=Η(7!
Χ#∃.+()∗! #! Ι+()&(Ηϑ∗! #4! 8∋+#∋.∗! 2#−(! <=∋3#+∃ ∋)()#!Γ#)#+ (−! )#! Χ∋=(∃! Κ#+(∋∃! Λ
Ο&=;∋∗=Π+∋∗!)(∃!0(ΗΘ#∃!<=∋)(∃!#!4#4:+∗!)∗!;∗+2∗!Ρ&+Σ)∋;∗!=(!/∗+.#!Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!)#!Υ&∃.∋Η(!Λ/ΤΥΜ1!ς(∋(7!ΩΒΞ
Χ#4:+∗!)∗!/∗4∋.Ψ!/∗=∃&−.∋3∗!2(+(!0∗4#(ΗΘ#∃!)∗!≅+∋:&=(−!∀#=(−!Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!Λ≅∀ΤΜ1!ς(∋(7!Ω∃.ΠΙ∋∗!ΖΨ=∋∗+!
=(!/∗−&4:∋(!<=∋3#+∃∋.[7!/(=)∋)(.∗!∋=)∋;()∗!2#−(!∀+#∃∋)Ψ=;∋(!)(!Ε#29:−∋;(!(∗!2∗∃.∗!)#!Ρ&∋∴!)∗!≅+∋:&=(−!∀#=(−!
Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−1!ς(∋(7!/(=)∋)(.∗!∋=)∋;()∗!2#−∗!Χ∋=∋∃.>+∋∗!)(∃!Ε#−(ΗΘ#∃!ΩΒ.#+∋∗+#∃!2(+(!(!−∋∃.(!)#!Ρ&Σ∴#∃!2(+(!(!
;∗42∗∃∋Ηϑ∗!)∗!≅+∋:&=(−! Ω∃2#;∋(−!2(+(!∗! ]Σ:(=∗1!ς(∋(7!∀+∗Ο#∃∃∗+!;∗=3∋)()∗!)∗!ΑΤ=∃.∋.&.!)#∃! ς(&.#∃!⊥.&)#∃!
Τ=.#+=(.∋∗=(−#∃!)#! −(!<=∋3#+∃∋.>!∀(=.Φ>∗=ΞΝ∃∃(∃! ∀(+∋∃! ΤΤΑ!#!)(! <=∋3#+∃∋.>! /(#=! ,(∃∃#Ξ0∗+4(=)∋#1! Γ+(=Η(7!
∀+∗Ο#∃∃∗+!/∗=3∋)()∗!)∗!](&.#+2(;Φ.!/#=.+#1!/(4:+∋)Ι#!<=∋3#+∃∋.[1!<_7 class="ls7 ws3">)()∗!Ν∋ΒΞΧ(+∃#∋−−#!
<=∋3#+∃∋.>Ξ!Γ+(=Η(7! ∀+∗Ο#∃∃∗+!;∗=3∋)()∗! ]Τ=∃.∋.&.!)⊥.&)#∃!∀∗−∋.∋%∃! )Ν∋ΒΞ#=Ξ∀+∗3#=;#!Ξ! Γ+(=Η(7!Χ#4:+∗!
)(!Ν;()(4∋(!0(;∋∗=(−!)#!8#+#;Φ∗!)#!−(!Ν+Ι#=.∋=(7!∀+∗Ο#∃∃∗+!)∗!???ΤΤ!/&+∃∗!)#!8∋+#∋.∗!Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!)(!
α+Ι(=∋∴(Ηϑ∗!)∗∃! Ω∃.()∗∃! Ν4#+∋;(=∗∃!ΛαΩΝΜ7!/∗=Ο#+#;∋∃.(! =(!Κ∋−:#+.∗! Ν4()∗! Χ#4∗+∋(−!]#;.&+#1! Ρ&=.∗! β!
/∗4∋∃∃ϑ∗! )#! 8∋+#∋.∗! Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−! )(! α+Ι(=∋∴(Ηϑ∗! )(∃! 0(ΗΘ#∃! <=∋)(∃! Λ/8Τχ<0Μ1! Κ#=#:+( 7! ∀+∗Ο#∃∃∗+!
/(.#)+Π.∋;∗!≅∋.&−(+!)#! 8∋+#∋.∗! Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−! ∀9:−∋;∗! )(! <=∋3#+∃∋)()#! Γ#)#+(−! )#! Χ∋=(∃!Κ#+(∋∃!Λ
/Φ#Ο#!)∗!8#2(+.(4#=.∗!)#!8∋+#∋.∗!∀9:−∋;∗7!∀+∗Ο#∃∃∗+!Ν)Ρ&=.∗!)(!∀∗=.∋ΟΣ;∋(!<=∋3#+∃∋)()#!/(.δ−∋;(!)#!Χ∋=(∃!
Κ#+(∋∃!Λ∀!Χ∋=(∃Μ7! ∀+#∃∋)#=.#!#!Ο&=)()∗+!)∗!/#=.+∗! )#!8∋+#∋.∗!Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−7!/∗∗+)#=()∗+!)∗∃!;&+∃∗∃!)#!
∀δ∃!Κ+()&(Ηϑ∗! )∗! /Ω8Τ0! Ξ!/#=.+∗! )#! Ω∃.&)∗∃! #4!8∋+#∋.∗! #! 0#Ιδ;∋∗∃7! Χ#4:+∗!Φ∗=∗+ΣΟ∋;∗! )(! Ν;()#4∋(!
Χ∋=#∋+(!)#! ]#.+(∃! Υ&+Σ)∋;(∃7! Χ#4:+∗!)(!Ζ∗;∋>.>! Γ+(=Η(∋∃#! )#!8+∗∋.!Τ=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!ΛΖΓ8ΤΜ7!8∋+#.∗+! )∗! +(4∗!
:+(∃∋−#∋+∗!)(!Τ=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!](ε!Ν∃∃∗;∋(.∋∗=!ΛΤ]Ν!,+(∃∋−Μ7!8∋+#.∗+!∀+#∃∋)#=.#!)∗!Ν=&Π+∋∗!,+(∃∋−#∋+∗!)#!8∋+#∋.∗!
Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!ΛΝ,8ΤΜ7!Ζδ;∋∗!)(!0#4#+!#!Κ&∋4(+ϑ#∃!Ν)3∗Ι()∗∃!Ν∃∃∗;∋()∗∃!Λ0φΚΜ7!
∀
!Ν7! ∀#++#(&ΞΖ(&∃∃∋=#1! Τ44(=−! _(=.! ∗=! Τ=.#+=(.∋∗=(−! ](ε1! ∋=! Ζ7! ,#∃∃∗=1! Υ7! ≅(∃∋∗&−(∃! Λα+Ι7Μ1! ≅Φ#!
∀Φ∋−∗∃∗2Φ[!∗Ο!Τ=.#=+(.∋∗=(−!](ε1!αΒΟ∗+)1!αΒΟ∗+)!<=∋3#+∃∋.[!∀+#∃∃1!6γηι1!227!ϕιΞκλ7!!
#
!Ν7!Ε#(.Φ1!_(=.µ∃!;∗=;#2.∋∗=!∗Ο!(&.∗=∗4[!∗Ο! .Φ#!ε∋−−!∋=!_(=.!∗=!Χ∗+(−!Ν&.∗=∗4[1!α7! Ζ#=∃#1!!0∗3(!ν∗+ο1!
/(4:+∋)Ι#!<=∋3#+∃∋.[!∀+#∃∃1!6γηι1!227!ι6Ξιι7!
1445(6789:7;8;!
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3(?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
(∃!(−∋#−/∃:! 4∃∗∃!3∋#1 &! /#∃∋−&!∗∃%−7/&8! Γ&,!3∋#4#−/∃:!4∃%/2(∃:! 3&∋/#!(#!2∗&! 3#∋73#4/−1&!
3∋Χ3∋−&!&∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃8!Α!&2/∃%∃∗−&!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!#ϑ3∋#77&!2%−4&∗#%/#!&!72&!
−%(#3#%(!∀#∃%∃!∀#!(#!Β2&,Β2#∋!∃2/∋&!∃∋(#∗!%∃∋∗&/−1&8!9,&!∆!2∗!&/∋−;2/∃!Β2#!&77#≅2∋&!
&! %∃∋∗&! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:! 72&! %&/2∋#Λ&! (−7/−%/−1&! #! 7#2! 4∃%Ε2%/∃! (#! #73#4−?−4−(&(#78! Α!
&2/∃%∃∗−&!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!∋#72,/&!7−∗3,#7∗#%/#!(∃!?&/∃!(#!Β2#!#7/#!%Φ∃!7#!72;∗#/#!
&! %#%Ι2∗&! ∃2/∋&! ∃∋(#∗! %∃∋∗&/−1&:! Β2#! ∆! ∋#≅−(∃! 3#,∃! 7#2! 3∋Χ3∋−∃! ∗∃(#,∃! #! Β2#! 72&!
#ϑ−7/Β2&,Β2#∋!∃2/∋∃!7−7/#∗&!Ε2∋5(−4∃8!9∗!∃2/∋&7!
3&,&1∋&7:!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!%Φ∃!3∃(#!7#∋!∋#(2Λ−(∃!&!2∗!7−∗3,#7!∋&∗∃!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!36;,−4∃!
(#4∃∋∋#%/#!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!4∃%7/−/24−∃%&,!#!(−∋−≅−(∃!Η7!∋#,&ΝΟ#7!#ϑ/#∋−∃∋#7!(∃7!97/&(∃78!9,#!/#∗!
%&/2∋#Λ&!3∋Χ3∋−&!#!#ϑ−7/#!−%(#3#%(#%/#∗#%/#!(∃! (−∋#−/∃!(∃∗∆7/−4∃:! 3∃(#%(∃!∗#7∗∃!1−∋!&!
7#∋:!#∗!4#∋/&7!4−∋42%7/Μ%4−&7!#ϑ4#34−∃%&−7:!4∃%/∋Π∋−∃!&!#7/#
∃
8!!
Θ#!&! &2/∃%∃∗−&!(∃!(−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! ∆!2∗&!Β2&,−(&(#! Β2#! 3∋#/#%(#!(#7/&4Π=,∃!
(&7!∃∋(#%7!%∃∋∗&/−1&7!(∃∗∆7/−4&7!Β2#!∃!4#∋4&∗:!−7/∃!%Φ∃!−∗3,−4&:!4∃%/2(∃:!Β2#!#7/#!#ϑ−7/&!
#∗!4∃∗3,#/∃!−7∃,&∗#%/∃8!Ρ!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!&−%(&!Β2#!%Φ∃!(#4∃∋∋&!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!
#!%Φ∃!3∋#4−7#!%#4#77&∋−&∗#%/#!7#∋! 4∃%7/−/24−∃%&,−Λ&(∃! 3&∋&! 1#∋! ≅&∋&%/−(&! &! 72&! %&/2∋#Λ&!
Ε2∋5(−4&:! 7#! ∋#,&4−∃%&! 4∃∗! &7! (−1#∋7&7! ∃∋(#%7! 4∃%7/−/24−∃%&−7! #! 4∃∗! &7! %∃∋∗&7! (#,&!
(#4∃∋∋#%/#78! 9,#! %Φ∃! #7/Π! 4−∋42%74∋−/∃! &! 2∗! 2%−1#∋7∃! Ι#∋∗∆/−4∃! #! &;7∃,2/&∗#%/#!
(#74∃%#4/&(∃8!9,#!−%/#∋&≅#!#!/&,!3#∋∗#&;−,−(&(#!−∗3Ο#!(2&7!4∃%7#Β2
Α!3∋−∗#−∋&!(#,&7!/∋&/&!(&!%#4#77−(&(#!(#!7#!#74,&∋#4#∋!∃7!∗∃(#,∃7!(#!∋#,&4−∃%&∗#%/∃!
3∃7751#−7!#%/∋#!&!∃∋(#∗!%∃∋∗&/−1&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!Σ7#ΝΦ∃!ΚΤ8!Α!3&∋/−∋!(#7/&!
3∋−∗#−∋&!&%Π,−7#:! ,#1&%/&=7#! &! Β2#7/Φ∃!(#! 7&;#∋! 4∃∗∃! ∃!∃4∃∋∋#! &! ∋#,&ΝΦ∃! #%/∋#!∃! (−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!%&!3#∋73#4/−1&!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!;∋&7−,#−∋∃!Σ7#ΝΦ∃!ΚΚΤ8!
!
! !
!
∃
!α!(+.∋Ι∗!6κ!)(!/∗=3#=Ηϑ∗!)#!∋#=(!∃∗:+#!)∋+#∋.∗!)∗∃!.+(.()∗∃!)#.#+4∋=(!%π!θ&4(!2(+.#!=ϑ∗!2∗)#!∋=3∗;(+!
(∃!)∋∃2∗∃∋ΗΘ#∃!)#!∃#&!)∋+#∋.∗!∋=.#+=∗!2(+(!Ρ&∃.∋Ο∋;(+!∗!∋=()∋42−#4#=.∗!)#!&4!.+(.()∗7!Ω∃.(!+#Ι+(!=ϑ∗!2+#Ρ&)∋;(!
∗!(+.∋Ι∗!ρστ7!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗#+(∃,)−.)(∗#/.#/)(.)0∗#)%0.(%∃1)∗%∃−#
#
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3( ∀=(>?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
∀!
01234∀∃∀ 5∀ !∀ 61789:4;8<1;=4∀1;=61∀8∀46>1 ;46<8=:?8∀ :;=16;89:4;87∀1∀4∀
>:61:=4∀:;=16;4!
!
Ρ!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!4∃#ϑ−7/#∗!∗2/2&∗#%/#:!7#∗!Β2#!#7/#Ε&∗!
Ε27/&3∃7/∃7!(#!?∃∋∗&!&;7∃,2/&!∃2!−%/#−∋&∗#%/#!2%−(∃78!Α!4&(&!2∗!#7/Π!∋#7#∋1&(&!2∗&!#7?#∋&!
(#! &2/∃∋−(&(#! 4∃%7/−/25(&! (#! ?∃∋∗&! −%(#3#%(#%/#! #! &2/>%∃∗&:! ∗&7! 7−∗2,/&%#&∗#%/#!
−%/#∋(#3#%(#%/#!#!4∃%Ε2≅&(&8!97/#!∗∃1−∗#%/∃!;−%Π∋−∃!/#%/&!4∃%4−,−&∋!&!−(#−&!(#!Β2#!2∗!%Φ∃!
∆!∃!3∋∃,∃%≅&∗#%/∃!(∃!∃2/∋∃!#! %#∗!4∃∗! #,#!7#!4∃%?2%(#:!∗&7:!&∃! ∗#7∗∃!/#∗3∃:! 2∗!%Φ∃!
3∃(#! ?2%4−∃%&∋! (#! ?∃∋∗&! &(#Β2&(&! 7#∗! ∃! ∃2/∋∃! #! 4∃∗! #,#! 4∃%1−1#
%
8! Υ#7/&! &2/∃%∃∗−&!
&Ε27/&(&! (&! ∃∋(#∗! Ε2∋5(−4&! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! #! −%/#∋%&! (#4∃∋∋#∗! (∃−7! #?#−/∃7! (−7/−%/∃78! Ρ!
3∋−∗#−∋∃!(#,#7! ∋#7−(#!%&!%#4#77−(&(#!3∋#,−∗−%&∋! (#! 7#!#7/&;#,#4#∋:!4∃∗! 4#∋/&! ∗&∋≅#∗!(#!
4,&∋#Λ&:!∃7! (∃∗5%−∃7! #! &7! ?∋∃%/#−∋&7!(#! &/2&ΝΦ∃! (#! 4&(&! 2∗!(#7/#7! ∋#73#4/−1∃7! ∗∃(#,∃7!
Ε2∋5(−4∃78!ς&∋&! /&%/∃:!(#1#=7#!3&∋/−∋! (&! (−7/−%ΝΦ∃!#%/∋#!∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!36;,−4∃!#! ∃!
(−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 3∋−1&(∃:! Β2#! #∗! ≅∋&%(#! ∗#(−(&! 4∃∗3Ο#! ∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%∃! ΣΑΤ8! Ρ!
7#≅2%(∃!3∋#/#%(#!&1&,−&∋!4∃∗∃!7#!∃3#∋&!∃!∋#,&4−∃%&∗#%/∃!(#!2∗&!∃∋(#∗!%∃∋∗&/−1&!4∃∗!&!
∃2/∋&!Σ.Τ8!
!
∃#2#∃#34564789:#;764:7=?#≅ΑΒ?4>:#;#:#344:7=?#≅<4Χ=3:!
!
Ω#,&4−∃%&∋!7−≅%−?−4&!;&7−4&∗#%/#!#7/&;#,#4#∋!2∗!∗∃(#,∃!(#!4∃%#ϑΦ∃!#%/∋#!(∃−7!∃2!
∗&−7!72Ε#−/∃7!∃2!∃;Ε#/∃7!(−7/−%/∃78!ς&∋&!/&%/∃!∆!%#4#77Π∋−∃!4∃%Ι#4<=,∃7!%&!&∗3,−/2(#!(#!72&7!
(−∗#%7Ο#7!3&∋&!∗#,Ι∃∋! 3∃(#∋!(−7/−%≅2−=,∃78! Ξ∗!(∃7!∗∆/∃(∃7!∗&−7!#?−4−#%/#7!3&∋&!?&Λ<=,∃!
4∃%7−7/#!∃;1−&∗#%/#!%∃!3∋∃4#77∃!(#!#ϑ4,27Φ∃8!Α!(#/#∋∗−%&ΝΦ∃!(&!&;∋&%≅∃!∗∃(∃!(#!
&/2&ΝΦ∃!(&!∃∋(#∗!%∃∋∗&/−1&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∃(#∗!7#∋!1#∋−?−4&(∃7!3∋#,−∗−%&∋∗#%/#!&!3&∋/−∋!
(&!&%Π,−7#!(&Β2−,∃!Β2#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!%Φ∃!∆:!∗&7!Β2#!4∃∗!#,#!?&Λ!?∋∃%/#−∋&:!∃2!7#Ε&:!
∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 3∋−1&(∃8!Ω#4∃∋∋#%(∃=7#!&!2∗&!∗#/Π?∃∋&!#,#∗#%/&∋!∃;7#∋1&=7#!Β2#:!
7#!(#%/∋#!&7!1∃≅&−7!7#!3∃(#!4∃%7−(#∋&∋!Β2#!ΨΑΖ!%Φ∃!∆!&;7∃,2/&∗#%/#!Ψ9Ζ:!ΨΚΖ:!ΨΡΖ!∃2!ΨΞΖ:!
?−4&!#1−(#%/#∗#%/#!∗&−7!?Π4−,!(#/#∋∗−%&∋!∃!4∃%/#6(∃!#!&!%&/2∋#Λ&!(#!ΨΑΖ!4∃∗∃!1∃≅&,:!∗&7!
(−7/−%/&!(&7! ∃2/∋&7! 1∃≅&−78! Κ7/∃!%Φ∃!7−≅%−?−4&!Β2#! ΨΑΖ! #ϑ−7/&! 2%−4&∗#%/#!#∗!∃3∃7−ΝΦ∃!&∃!
∋#7/&%/#! (&7! 1∃≅&−7:! ∗&7! Β2#! #,&! 3∃772−! 2∗&! −(#%/−(&(#! 3∋Χ3∋−&! #%Β2&%/∃! 1∃≅&,8!
!
%
!Χ7!∋+(−−[1! Ζ&+!&=! 2∗=.!(&Β!υ=#∃π! −#∃!+(22∗+.∃! #=.+#!)+∗∋.!∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!#.! )+∗∋.∃!∋=.#+=#∃1!∀(+∋∃1! Χ#−(=Ι#∃!
Ε∗−∋=1!227!ρλλΞϕγϕ7!
1445(6789:7;8;!
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3(?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
91−(#%/#∗#%/#!#7/&!−(#%/−(&(#!&!&3∋∃ϑ−∗&!(&7!∃2/∋&7!1∃≅&−7!Β2#!4∃%Ι#4#∗∃7:!∗&7:!&−%(&!
&77−∗:!ΨΑΖ!3#∋∗&%#4#!(−1#∋7&!#!&2/>%∃∗&8!
[!%#77#!7#%/−(∃!Β2#! 2∗&!&1&,−&ΝΦ∃! 4∃∗3&∋&/−1&!#%/∋#!&7! 4&∋&4/#∋57/−4&7!(∃! (−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!36;,−4∃!#! (∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 3∋−1&(∃! 7#!/∃∋%&∗! %#4#77Π∋−&78! 9∗;∃∋&:!
&∗;∃7! 3∃772&∗! ∃! #,#∗#%/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 4∃∗∃! 3&∋/#! −%/#≅∋&%/#! (#! 72&7! 4&∋&4/#∋57/−4&7!
#77#%4−&−7:!&∃!3∃%/∃!(#!∗&%/#∋#∗!/&,! /#∋∗−%∃,∃≅−&! #∗! 72&7! ∋#73#4/−1&7! %∃∗#%4,&/2∋&7! #!
≅∃Λ&∋#∗!(#! 1∃4&ΝΦ∃! 3&∋&! &,∆∗! (∃7! ,−∗−/#7! (∃! 97/&(∃:! ∆! 4#∋/∃! Β2#! #,#7! ∃! ?&Λ#∗! 7∃;! 2∗!
3∃%/∃!(#!1−7/&!;#∗!(−7/−%/∃:!7#%(∃! &!&2/∃%∃∗−&!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!36;,−4∃!∃! Β2#!∃7!
(−7/−%≅2#8!Γ&,!7#3&∋&ΝΦ∃!ΕΠ!1#−∃!&! 7#∋!#7/&;#,#4−(&!(#7(#!∃!−%54−∃! (∃!7∆42,∃! ∴Κ∴:!/#%(∃!&!
#ϑ3∋#77Φ∃!Ψ(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!36;,−4∃Ζ!7−(∃!2/−,−Λ&(&!ΕΠ!#∗!]⊥_:!&∃!3&77∃!Β2#!∃!/#∋∗∃!
Ψ(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∋−1&(∃Ζ!7Χ!72∋≅−2!%&!,5%≅2&!?∋&%4#7&!#∗!]⊥αβ
&
8!!
! Υ#!?&/∃:! Ι−7/∃∋−4&∗#%/#:!∃! (−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∋−1&(∃! 1#∗!7#%(∃!4∃∗3∋##%(−(∃!
4∃∗∃!2∗!(−∋#−/∃!#73#4−&,!&3,−4&(∃!Η7!3#77∃&7!3∋−1&(&7:!−%(−15(2∃7!∃2!#∗3∋#7&7:!(−&%/#!(#!
∋#,&ΝΟ#7! Ε2∋5(−4&7! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7
∋
! ∃2! 7#Ε&:! 4∃∗∃! ∃! 4∃%Ε2%/∃! (#! %∃∋∗&7! 42Ε&! Β2&,−(&(#!
(−7/−%/−1&!∋#7−(#!%∃!4∃%?,−/∃!(#!,#−7!−%/#∋%&7:!Β2&%(∃!&3,−4&(&7!Η!∋#,&ΝΦ∃!Ε2∋5(−4&!#%/∋#!#%/#7!
3∋−1&(∃7!(#! %&4−∃%&,−(&(#! (−1#∋7&
(
8!ς∃(#∗! 7#∋! &3∃%/&(∃7:! #%/Φ∃:! ∃7! 7#27! /∋<7! #,#∗#%/∃7!
4,Π77−4∃7χ!
]!δ!Υ#7/−%&/Π∋−∃χ!3#77∃&7!3∋−1&(&7!
!δ!)&/2∋#Λ&!%∃∋∗&/−1&χ!%∃∋∗&7!−%/#∋%&7!
β!δ!Ω#,&ΝΟ#7!Ε2∋5(−4&7χ!(#!%&/2∋#Λ&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!
Ρ4∃∋∋#:! 4∃%/2(∃:! Β2#! &! #1∃,2ΝΦ∃! ∋#4#%/#! %∃! 4&∗3∃! (#! &/2&ΝΦ∃! (∃! (−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∋−1&(∃!/#∗! 7−(∃!#ϑ/∋&∃∋(−%Π∋−&! #!&! Ι−7/Χ∋−4&!(#,−∗−/&ΝΦ∃! (#!7#27! #,#∗#%/∃7!
4∃%7/−/2/−1∃7!%Φ∃!/∋&(2Λ!∗&−7:!4∃∗!&;7∃,2/&!4,&∋#Λ&:!&!&;∋&%≅72&!(−∗#%7Φ∃8!97/#!
/∋−3∆! %Φ∃! 3&∋#4#! Ι∃Ε#! 72?−4−#%/#∗#%/#! #7/&;#,#4−(∃! 3&∋&! 7#∋1−∋! (#! &3∃−∃! Η! %#4#77Π∋−&!
(−?#∋#%4−&ΝΦ∃!#%/∋#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∋−1&(∃!#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!97/#7!3∃(#∗!7#!
4∃%?2%(−∋!4∃∗!?∋#Β23∃∋/&%/∃:!&!&2/∃%∃∗−&!(&!∃∋(#∗!%∃∋∗&/−1&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!
∃!∋#&,!#,#∗#%/∃!(−7/−%/−1∃!#%/∋#!&7!(2&7!∃∋(#%7!%∃∋∗&/−1&7!Σ;Τ8!!
!
!
&
!Ν7!∀#−−#.1!07!8∋=Φ1!∀7!8(∋−−∋#+1!8+∗∋.!Τ=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!∀&:−∋;1!∀(+∋∃1!]Κ8Υ1!!27!ρϕ7!
∋
!∀7!Χ([#+1!8+∗∋.!∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!2+∋3>1!∀(+∋∃1!Χ∗=.;Φ+#∃.∋#=1!ηϖϖρ1!27!ηγ7!
(
!ν7!]∗&∃∃∗&(+=1!∀7!,∗&+#−1!8+∗∋.!∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!2+∋3>1!∀(+∋∃1!8(−−∗∴1!ηϖϖσ1!27!η7!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗#+(∃,)−.)(∗#/.#/)(.)0∗#)%0.(%∃1)∗%∃−#
#
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3( ∀=(>?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
#!
=# 2# ∗5# ;?;∆;76:5# >:75646Ε64Χ:5# 3:# 344:7=?# ≅<4Χ=3:# 79:#
3;6;:∆#>?=!
!
Ρ!(−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 3∋−1&(∃!%Φ∃!∆! (#/#∋∗−%&(∃! %#4#77&∋−&∗#%/#!3#,&!%&/2∋#Λ&!
3∋−1&(&!(∃!&2/∃∋!(&!%∃∋∗&!Σ]Τ8!Θ2&!Β2&,−(&(#!3∋−1&(&!/&∗;∆∗!%Φ∃!(#4∃∋∋#!#ϑ4,27−1&∗#%/#!
(&!%&/2∋#Λ&!3∋−1&(&! (∃!(#7/−%&/Π∋−∃!(&!%∃∋∗&!ΣΤ8!9!#ϑ−7/#∗!∗#7∗∃!7−/2&ΝΟ#7!∗−7/&7:!#∗!
Β2#!&!%∃∋∗&!∋#72,/&!(#!2∗&!Ε2%ΝΦ∃!(#!#,#∗#%/∃7!3∋Χ3∋−∃7!&∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!36;,−4∃!
#!&∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∋−1&(∃!ΣβΤ8!
!
Γ#2#∗#344:7=?#≅<4Χ=3:#79:#Η#7;>;55=<4=∆;76;#3;6;
≅;?=#7=6Ε!
!
[! 4#∋/∃:! Β2#! %&! /#∃∋−&! Ε2∋5(−4&:! 2∗&! (&7! (−4∃/∃∗−&7! ∗&−7! &%/−≅&7! #! 3∃,
&Β2#,&!∋#,&/−1&!Η!(−7/−%ΝΦ∃!#%/∋#!(−∋#−/∃!36;,−4∃!#!(−∋#−/∃!3∋−1&(∃8!97/&!∋#72,/&!%&!&3,−4&ΝΦ∃!
(#!∋#≅−∗#7!Ε2∋5(−4∃7!(−?#∋#%/#7:!4∃%?∃∋∗#!7#!/∋&/#!(#!2∗!∋&∗∃!∃2!(#!∃2/∋∃
)
8!+∃%/2(∃:!%Φ∃!
#ϑ−7/#!2∗! 4∋−/∆∋−∃! 3#∋?#−/∃!Β2#!#7/&;#,#Ν&!#7/&! (−7/−%ΝΦ∃:! ∗&7!7−∗!2∗&!∗2,/−3,−4−(&(#! (#!
4∋−/∆∋−∃7! −%7&/−7?&/Χ∋−∃7! 4∃∗∃! ∃! 4∋−/∆∋−∃! (∃! −%/#∋#77#:! ∃! (∃! 72Ε#−/∃! ∃2! ∗#7∗∃! ∃! (&!
72;∃∋(−%&ΝΦ∃
!∗
8! Υ−&%/#! (∃! (−∋#−/∃! 4∃%7/−/24−∃%&,! ∗∃(#∋%∃:! #7/#! (−,#∗&! 7#! /∃∋%∃2! (#!
−∗3∃∋/Μ%4−&!7#42%(Π∋−&!4∃%/#%(∃! 2∗&!(−4∃/∃∗−&!∗&−7!/#Χ∋−4&!(∃!Β2#!3∋Π/−4&
!!
8!Α∗;&7!&7!
∃∋(#%7!%∃∋∗&/−1&7! %∃! (∃∗5%−∃! (∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%∃! 3&∋#4#∗! 7#! 4∃∗3,#∗#%/&∋! #! /#∗! &!72&!
≅
!∀
8! Α7!
#73#4−?−4−(&(#7! (&! ∃∋(#∗! %∃∋∗&/−1&! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:! 4∃%/2(∃:! −∗3Ο#∗! 2∗! ∃,Ι&∋! (−7/−%/∃:!
1−7/∃!Β2#!#7/&!4&∋#4#! (#!2∗&!#7/∋2/2∋&! 4∃%7/−/24−∃%&,!7#∗#,Ι&%/#
!#
8!Α77−∗:!/#∃∋−4&∗#%/#:!
∃7! 4∋−/∆∋−∃7! (#! (#,−∗−/&ΝΦ∃! #! (−7/−%ΝΦ∃! #%/∋#! ∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 36;,−4∃! #! ∃! (−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∋−1&(∃! (#1#∋−&∗! 7#∋! ∗&−7! 4&/#≅Χ∋−4∃78!Γ&,! ∆:! &3&∋#%/#∗#%/#:! &! ∋#&,−(&(#:!
#∗;∃∋&:!%Φ∃!7#!3∃77&!&?−∋∗&∋:!4∃∗!&;7∃,2/&!4,&∋#Λ&:!Β2#!∃7!#,#∗#%/∃7!4∃%7/−/2/−1∃7!(#!2∗&!
∃∋(#∗!%Φ∃!7#!4∃%?2%(−∋Φ∃!4∃∗!∃!(&!∃2/∋&:!#∗!4−∋42%7/Μ%4−&7!#ϑ4#34−∃%&−78!!
!
)
Ν7! ]7! Γ+#∋+#1! 8∋+#∋.∗! 29:−∋;∗! #! )∋+#∋.∗! 2+∋3()∗1! Ω=;∋;−∗2>)∋ (! Υ&+Σ)∋;(! )(! ∀Ζ∀1! ≅∗4∗! ≅#∗+∋(!Κ#+(−! #!
Γ∋−∗∃∗Ο∋(! )∗! 8∋+#∋.∗1! Ω)∋Ηϑ∗! η1! (:+∋−! )#! 6γηκ1! )∋∃2∗=Σ3#−! #4!
Φ..2∃πχχ#=;∋;−∗2#)∋(Ρ&+∋)∋;(72&;∃27:+χ3#+:#.#χηιιχ#)∋;(∗Ξηχ)∋+#∋.∗Ξ2&:−∋;∗Ξ#Ξ)∋+#∋.∗Ξ2+∋3()∗7!!
!∗
!≅7!Ζ7!Γ#++(∴!Υ9=∋∗+1!Τ=.+∗)&Ηϑ∗!(∗!#∃.&)∗!)∗!)∋+#∋.∗π!.>;=∋;(1!)#;∋∃ϑ∗1!)∗4∋=(Ηϑ∗1!λ7!#)71!Ζϑ∗!∀(&−∗1!Ν.−(∃1!
6γηϕ7!!
!!
!Χ7!Ε#(−#1!]∋ΗΘ#∃!∀+#−∋4∋=(+#∃!)#!8∋+#∋.∗1!6ϕω!#)71!Ζϑ∗!∀(&−∗1!Ζ(+(∋3(1!6γγη1!27!ιηϖ7!!
!∀
!]7!Ε7!,(++∗∃∗1! /&+∃∗!)#! )∋+#∋.∗!;∗=∃.∋.&;∋∗=(−! ;∗=.#42∗+υ=#∗π!∗∃! ;∗=;#∋.∗∃!Ο&=)(4#=.(∋∃! #!(! ;∗=∃.+&Ηϑ∗!
)#!&4!=∗3∗!4∗)#−∗1!ιω!#)71!Ζϑ∗!∀(&−∗1!Ζ(+(∋3(1!6γηη7!
!#
!/7!](Ο#+1!8∋+#∋.∗!#! ∀∗)#+!=(!Ε#Ο−#Βϑ∗!)#!Χ∋Ι−!Ε#(−#1!Ε#3∋∃.(!)(!Γ(;&−)()#!)#!8∋+#∋.∗!)(!<=∋3#+∃∋)()#!
)#!Ζϑ∗!∀(&−∗1!37!κσ1!ηϖλη1!27!6γκ7!!
1445(6789:7;8;!
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3(?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
Α! 3∋Χ3∋−&! 4∃%7/−/2−ΝΦ∃! (#! 2∗&! %∃∋∗&! (#! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 3∋−1&(∃! 3∃(#! /#∋!
∃∋−≅#∗!%∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!36;,−4∃:!∃2!7#∋!3∋∃?2%(&∗#%/#!−∗3&4/&(&!3∃∋!#,#
!∃
8!Γ&,!∆!∃!
4&7∃:!3∃∋!#ϑ#∗3,∃:!(&7!+∃%1#%ΝΟ#7!(#!ε#%#;∋&!(#!]φβ_!#!]φβ]:!∋#,&/−1&7!Η!2%−?∃∋∗−Λ&ΝΦ∃!
(∃!(−∋#−/∃!Β2&%/∃!&∃!4Ι#Β2#!#!Η!,#/∋&!(#!4Μ∗;−∃8!Ρ!∗#7∗∃!3∃(#!7#∋!(−/∃!(&7!+∃%1#%ΝΟ#7!
(#!]γ!(#!Ε2%Ι∃!(#!]φγγ!#!(#!!(#!(#Λ#∗;∋∃!(#!]φ⊥η:!4∃%4#∋%#%/#7!Η!1#%(&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!
(#!∗#∋4&(∃∋−&!#!∃∋−2%(&7!(&!+∃%?#∋(&!ι&−&!(#!Υ−∋#−/∃!Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!ς∋−1&(∃
!%
8!Α!
2/−,−Λ&ΝΦ∃! (∃! #73&Ν∃! &∆∋#∃! ,#1&%/&! −≅2&,∗#%/#! Β2#7/Ο#7! ,−≅&(&7! Η! &3,−4&ΝΦ∃! (∃! (−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!%∃! (∃∗5%−∃!3∋−1&(∃8!Α! +∃%1#%ΝΦ∃! (#!ϕ&∋7Χ1−&!(#! ]! (#!∃2/2;∋∃!(#! ]φφ:!
∗∃(−?−4&(&!3#,∃!3∋∃/∃4∃,∃!(&!ι&−&!(#!]φγγ!#!∋#1−7/&!3#,&!+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃!(#!κ∃%/∋#&,!(#!]φφφ:!
∆!−≅2&,∗#%/#!2∗!;∃∗!#ϑ#∗3,∃8!
97/&! 4∃∗3,#∗#%/&∋−#(&(#! #%/∋#! ∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 36;,−4∃! #! ∃! (−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∋−1&(∃!−%(−4&!Β2#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∋−1&(∃!%Φ∃!∆!(#!(∃∗5%−∃!∋#7#∋1&(∃!
(∃7!#%/#7!(#!(−∋#−/∃! 3∋−1&(∃8!Υ#!?&/∃:!#7/#!7−7/#∗&! %∃∋∗&/−1∃!3∃(#!4∃%1#%−#%/#∗#%/#!7#∋!
#,&;∃∋&(∃! 2%−,&/#∋&,∗#%/#! 3#,∃7! 97/&(∃7! ∃2! 7#∋! ∃! ∃;Ε#/∃! (#! 4∃%1#%ΝΟ#7! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7!
;−,&/#∋&−7!∃2!∗#7∗∃!∗2,/−,&/#∋&−78!!
!!
Ι# 2# ∃# 34564789:# ;764:7=?# ≅ΑΒ?4>:# ;# 34
476;<7=>4:7=?# ≅<4Χ=3:# 79:# ≅:3;# 5;43=# Ε74>=∆;76;# ;∆# Χ4<6Ε3;# 3=#
7=6Ε=#≅<4Χ=3=#3:#3;5647=6Λ<4:#3=#7:!
###
ι−7/∃∋−4&∗#%/#:!3&∋/#! (&!(∃2/∋−%&!?2%(∃2! &!(−7/−%ΝΦ∃!#%/∋#! ∃! (−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!
36;,−4∃!#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∋−1&(∃!%&!Β2&,−(&(#!(∃!(#7/−%&/Π∋−∃!(&!%∃∋∗&8!Α77−∗:!∃!
7−7/#∗&!3∋−1&(∃!/#∋−&!4∃∗∃!∃;Ε#/∃!6%−4∃!∃!(#!∋#≅2,&∗#%/&∋!&7!∋#,&ΝΟ#7!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7!#%/∋#!
#%/#7!3∋−1&(∃78!Α77−∗:! 4&;#∋−&!&∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!36;,−4∃!∋#≅#∋!&7!∋#,&ΝΟ#7!Ε2∋5(−4&7!
#%/∋#! 97/&(∃7! ∃2! ∃∋≅&%−Λ&ΝΟ#7! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7! Β2#:! #∗! ∋#≅∋&! ≅#∋&,:! (#%/∋∃! (#! 2∗&!
3#∋73#4/−1&! ,−∗−/&(&! &∃! 7#2! #%Β2&(∋&∗#%/∃! ?2%4−∃%&,! #! Η! ∋#&,−Λ&ΝΦ∃! (#! 7#27! ∃;Ε#/−1∃7!
#7/&/2/Π∋−∃7:! 7#∋−&∗! −≅2&,∗#%/#! ∋#4∃%Ι#4−(&7! 4∃∗∃! 72Ε#−/∃7! (∃/&(∃7! (#! 3#∋7∃%&,−(&(#!
Ε2∋5(−4&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,
!&
8!!
!
!∃
!Γ7!Ν7!Χ(==1!/∗=Ο−∋;.∃!∗Ο!](ε!(=)!∀&:−∋;!](ε1!/∗−−#;.#)!/∗&+∃#∃!∗Ο!.Φ#!ς(Ι!Ν;()#4[!∗Ο!Τ=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!
](ε1!3∗−7ηι61!ς(∋(1!Χ(+.∋=&∃!0∋ΡΦ∗ΟΟ1!ηϖκη1!27!ηηκ7!
!%
!Ν! /∗=Ο#+Ψ=;∋(! )(! ς(∋(! )#! 8∋+#∋.∗! Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−! ∀+∋3()∗! >! &4(! ∗+Ι(=∋∴( Ηϑ∗! ∋=.#+=(;∋∗=(−! 2#+4(=#=.#!
;∗=∃.∋.&Σ)(!#4! ηλϖι1!%! .#4!;∗4∗! Ο∋=(−∋)()#!2+∋=;∋2(−! (!=#Ι∗;∋(Ηϑ∗!)#! ;∗=3#=ΗΘ#∃!)#! &=∋Ο∗+4∋∴(Ηϑ∗!)∗!
)∋+#∋.∗!2+∋3()∗7!!
!&
!∀7!8&2&[1!8+∗∋.!∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!2&:−∋;1!∀(+∋∃1!8(−−∗∴1!6γγσ1!27!6ηη7!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗#+(∃,)−.)(∗#/.#/)(.)0∗#)%0.(%∃1)∗%∃−#
#
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3( ∀=(>?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
∃!
[!%#7/#!7#%/−(∃!Β2#!λ8!.&7(#1&%/:!#∗!7#2!(−4−∃%Π∋−∃!(#!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!(#?−%−2!
∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∋−1&(∃!4∃∗∃!Ψ2∗!4∃%Ε2%/∃!(#!∋#≅∋&7!Ε2∋5(−4&7:!/#%(∃!3∃∋!∃;Ε#/∃!&!
?2%ΝΦ∃!(#!∋#≅#∋:!#∗!2∗!(#/#∋∗−%&(∃!3&57:!&7!∋#,&ΝΟ#7!#%/∋#!3#77∃&7!3∋−1&(&7:!Β2&%(∃!#7/&7!
∋#,&ΝΟ#7!&3∋#7#%/&∗!2∗!#,#∗#%/∃!(#!#ϑ/∋&/#∋∋−/∃∋−&,−(&(#Ζ
!∋
8!Ρ!∗#7∗∃!?2%(&∗#%/∃!3∃(#!
7#∋!#%4∃%/∋&(∃!%&!(#4−7Φ∃!(#!]µ!(#!(#Λ#∗;∋∃!(#!]φγφ!(&!Θ23∋#∗&!+∃∋/#!Α,#∗Φ:!7#≅2%(∃!
&! Β2&,! ∃! Ψ(−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 3∋−1&(∃! 7#∋−&! 2∗! (−∋#−/∃! 3∋−1&(∃! #:! %#7/#! 7#%/−(∃:!
%#4#77&∋−&∗#%/#! &3,−4&(∃! &! ∋#,&ΝΟ#7! Ε2∋5(−4&7! #%/∋#! −%(−15(2∃7:! &∃! 3&77∃! Β2#! ∃! (−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!36;,−4∃!(#1#∋−&!7#∋! 3∋∃(2Λ−(∃!3#,∃!97/&(∃!#!(−∋−≅−(∃! Η!3∋#7#∋1&ΝΦ∃!(#!7#27!
−%/#∋#77#7!(−∋#/∃7Ζ
!(
8!!
97/&! ?∃∋∗2,&! 4,Π77−4&:! 4∃%/2(∃:! 3&∋#4#! −∗3#∋?#−/&:! #Β2−1∃4&(&! #! (#7?∃4&(&! (&!
∋#&,−(&(#!4∃%/#∗3∃∋Μ%#&8!Α7!∋&ΛΟ#7!7Φ∃!1&∋−&(&78!Κ%−4−&,∗#%/#:!%∃/&=7#!Ι∃Ε#!Β2#!&!&/2&ΝΦ∃!
(∃! −%(−15(2∃! %&! #7?#∋&! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! ∆! ∗&∋4&%/#! Υ#! ?&/∃:! %Φ∃! ∆! %#4#77Π∋−∃! &(∗−/−∋! &!
1#∋&4−(&(#!(&!(∃2/∋−%&!7∃4−∃,Χ≅−4&! #ϑ3∋#77&!%&! 3∃7−ΝΦ∃!(#!)8!ς∃,−/−7
!)
!∃2!(#!ε8! Θ4#,,#
∀∗
:!
Β2#!#%/#%(#∗! 7#∋! &!7∃4−#(&(#!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!4∃∗3∃7/&! 3∃∋! −%(−15(2∃7! &∃7!Β2&−7!∃!(−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!36;,−4∃! (#1#∋−&! 7#∋! &3,−4&(∃! (#! ?∃∋∗&! (−∋#/&8! .&7/&! 1#∋−?−4&∋! 4#∋/&7! ∋#≅∋&7!
3∋∃4#772&−7:! ∃! ∗∃(#,∃! (#! 3∋∃/#ΝΦ∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! (∃7! (−∋#−/∃7! Ι2∗&%∃7! ∃2! ∃7!
(#7#%1∃,1−∗#%/∃7! (∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 3#%&,! #! Ι2∗&%−/Π∋−∃:! 3&∋&! ∋#4∃%Ι#4#∋! Β2#! ∃7!
−%(−15(2∃7!(#/
)#7/#! 7#%/−(∃:! ∃! −%(−15(2∃! 3∃(#! 3#∋?#−/&∗#%/#! 7#∋! ∃! (#7/−%&/Π∋−∃! (#! 2∗&! %∃∋∗&!
3∋∃(2Λ−(&!3#,∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!36;,−4∃8!Γ&,!3∋#∋∋∃≅&/−1&!∆!#ϑ#∋4−(&!(#!?∃∋∗&!(−1#∋7&!
#! 4∃∗! 2∗! /−3∃! (#! &/2&ΝΦ∃! 1&∋−Π1#,:! (#3#%(#%(∃! (&! %&/2∋#Λ&! (&! ∗&/∆∋−&8! Γ#∗=7#:! 3∃∋!
#ϑ#∗3,∃:!∃!7−7/#∗&!(#!3∋∃/#ΝΦ∃!(−3,∃∗Π/−4&!Β2#:!(#!?∃∋∗&!&,#&/Χ∋−&!#!4∃%(−4−∃%&,:!3#∋∗−/#!
&∃!−%(−15(2∃! ∃;/#∋:! %∃! Μ∗;−/∃! (&! +Κλ:! 3∋−%4−3&,!Χ∋≅Φ∃! Ε2∋−7(−4−∃%&,! (&7! )&ΝΟ#7! Ξ%−(&7:!
∋#3&∋&ΝΦ∃! (#! 2∗! (−∋#−/∃:! ∗#(−&%/#:! ∃;1−&∗#%/#:! &ΝΦ∃! (∃! 97/&(∃! (#! 72&! %&4−∃%&,−(&(#!
&≅−%(∃!4∃∗∃!3&∋/#!,−/−≅&%/#!%∃!Μ∗;−/∃!Ε2∋−7(−4−∃%&,!#∗!%∃∗#!(#77#!−%(−15(2∃
∀!
8!!
!
!∋
!Υ7!,(∃)#3(=.1!8∋;.∋∗==(∋+#!)#!−(!.#+4∋=∗−∗Ι∋#!)&!)+∗∋.!∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(−1!∀(+∋∃1!Ζ∋+#[1!ηϖσγ1!27!6ισ7!
!(
!8#;∋∃ϑ∗!)(!/∗+.#!Ζ&2+#4(!Ν−#4ϑ!)#!ηκ!)#!)#∴#4:+∗!)#!ηϖϕϖ1!,Κςξ!ιη1!ισκ7!
!)
!07!∀∗−∋.∋∃1!]#∃!=∗&3#−−#∃!.#=)(=;#∃!)&!)+∗∋.!∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(−1!∀(+∋∃1!ς(;Φ#..#1!ηϖ6κ7!
∀∗
!Κ7!Ζ;#−−#1!Χ(=−!)#!8+∗∋.!Τ=.#+=(.∋∗=(−1!∀(+∋∃1!Χ∗=.;Φ+#∃.∋#=!8∗4(.1!ηϖρλ1!27!ηλ7!
∀!
!Ζϑ∗!=&4#+∋;(4#=.#!#Β2+#∃∃∋3∗∃!∗∃!;(∃∗∃!#4!%!∗∃!Ω∃.()∗∃!∗2.(+(4!2∗+!#Β#+;#+!(!2+∗.#Ηϑ∗!)∋2−∗4Π.∋;(π!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗!ΛΚ+>;∋(!37! Ε#∋=∗! <=∋)∗Μ1! ηϖ! )#!4(∋∗! )#! ηϖϕι1! /ΤΥ! Ε#;7!ηϖϕιψ!/∗42(=Φ∋(! ∀#.+∗−ΣΟ#+(! Ν=Ι−∗Ξ
Τ+(=∋(=(!ΛΕ#∋=∗!<=∋)∗!37!Τ+ϑΜ1!66!)#!Ρ&−Φ∗!)#!ηϖϕ61!/ΤΥ!Ε#;7!ηϖϕ6ψ!+)%%∋#),∀!Λ]∋#;Φ.#=∃.#∋=!37!Κ&(.#4(−(Μ1!
γσ!)#!(:+∋−!)#!ηϖϕϕ1!/ΤΥ!Ε#;7!ηϖϕϕψ!Τ=.#+Φ(=)#−!ΛΖ&ΣΗ(!37!Ω∃.()∗∃!<=∋)∗∃!)(!Ν4>+∋;(Μ1!6η!)#!4(+Η∗!)#!ηϖϕϖ1!
/ΤΥ!Ε#;7!ηϖϕϖψ!−∃./∋()0∃12.∃/%&)0314&5,%1∃0617)8∋.19)∀:∃0;314&∀&%∋6!Λ,>−Ι∋;(!37!Ω∃2(=Φ(Μ1!γϕ!)#!Ο#3#+#∋+∗!
)#!ηϖκγ1!/ΤΥ!Ε#;7!ηϖκγψ!(∃1=?:?!?!ΛΩ]ΖΤΜ!ΛΩ∃.()∗∃!<=∋)∗∃!)(!Ν4>+∋;(!37!Τ.Π−∋(Μ1!6γ!)#!Ρ&−Φ∗!
)#!ηϖλϖ1! /ΤΥ! Ε#;7!ηϖλϖψ! /∗=3#=Ηϑ∗! )#!∋#=(!∃∗:+#! Ε#−(ΗΘ#∃! /∗=∃&−(+#∃!Λ∀(+(Ι&(∋! 37!Ω∃.()∗∃!<=∋)∗∃! )(!
Ν4>+∋;(Μ1!γϖ!)#!(:+∋−!)#! ηϖϖλ1!/ΤΥ! Ε#;7!ηϖϖλψ! 4∃≅.∃06!ΛΝ−#4(=Φ(!37!Ω∃.()∗∃! <=∋)∗∃!)(!Ν4>+∋;(Μ1!6κ!)#!
Ρ&=Φ∗!)#!6γγη1!/ΤΥ!Ε#;7!6γγηψ!!Α∋0∃!#!α&.+∗∃!0(;∋∗=(∋∃!Χ#Β∋;(=∗∃!ΛΧ>Β∋;∗!37!Ω∃.()∗∃!<=∋)∗∃!)(!Ν4>+∋;(Μ1!
1445(6789:7;8;!
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3(?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
)∃!2%−1#∋7∃!(&!3∋∃/#ΝΦ∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!(∃7!(−∋#−/∃7!Ι2∗&%∃7:!/&,!3∃77−;−,−(&(#!&/−1&!
(#!&/2&ΝΦ∃!(∃!−%(−15(2∃!%&!#7?#∋&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!∆!−%4∃%/#7/Π1#,8!+∃%?∃∋∗#!∃!&∋/−≅∃!βα:!(∃!
ς∋∃/∃4∃,∃!)ν!]]:!(&!+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃!92∋∃3#−&!(#!Υ−∋#−/∃7!(∃!ι∃∗#∗:!(#!%∃1#∗;∋∃!(#!]φφ⊥:!&!
+∃∋/#!92∋∃3#−&!(#! Υ−∋#−/∃7!ι2∗&%∃7! ∋#4∃%Ι#4#2!&! 4∃∗3#/ ∋#4#;#∋!3#/−ΝΟ#7! (#!
Β2&,Β2#∋! −%(−15(2∃:! ∃∋≅&%−Λ&ΝΦ∃! %Φ∃=≅∃1#∋%&∗#%/&,! ∃2! ≅∋23∃! (#! 3&∋/−42,&∋#7! Β2#! 7#!
∋#4∃%Ι#Ν&∗!4∃∗∃!15/−∗&7!(#!2∗&!1−∃,&ΝΦ∃!3∃∋!Β2&,Β2#∋!(∃7!97/&(∃7=ς&∋/#!(&!+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃!
∃2!(∃7!7#27!3∋∃/∃4∃,∃7
∀∀
8!!
)∃! 7−7/#∗&! −%/#∋&∗#∋−4&%∃:! ?∃−! &3∋∃1&(∃:! #∗! %∃1#∗;∋∃! (#! __φ:! ∃! %∃1∃!
Ω#≅2,&∗#%/∃! (&! +∃∋/#! Κ%/#∋&∗#∋−4&%&! (#! Υ−∋#−/∃7! ι2∗&%∃78! 97/#! /∋∃2ϑ#! −%∃1&ΝΟ#7!
−∗3∃∋/&%/#7!Β2#!&2/∃∋−Λ&∋&∗!∃7!−%(−15(2∃7!&!&/2&∋!(#!?∃∋∗&!∗&−7!&/−1&!%&!#7?#∋&!3∋∃4#772&,!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8! Ρ7! −%(−15(2∃7! 3&77&∋&∗! &! ∃3#∋&∋! (#! ?∃∋∗&! &2/>%∃∗&! #∗! Ε25Λ∃:! 3∃(#%(∃!
#7/&;#,#4#∋!∋#3∋#7#%/&%/#7!#!∗#7∗∃!4∃%7/−/2−∋:!(#!∃?54−∃:!2∗!(#?#%7∃∋!−%/#∋&∗#∋−4&%∃!3&∋&!
723∃7/&7!15/−∗&7!7#∗!∋#3∋#7#%/&ΝΦ∃!,#≅&,
∀#
8!
)∃!Μ∗;−/∃!(∃! (−∋#−/∃! 3#%&,! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:! &! 4&3&4−(&(#! Ε2∋5(−4&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!(∃!
−%(−15(2∃!7#! −%1#∋/#8! )#7/#!4&7∃!#,&! (#−ϑ&! (#!7#∋!&/−1&!#! 7#! /∋&%7?∃∋∗&!#∗!3&77−1&8! +∃∗!
#?#−/∃:!∃!97/&/2/∃!(∃!Γ∋−;2%&,!ς#%&,!Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∋#1Β2#!∃7!−%(−15(2∃7!3∃(#∗!∋#73∃%(#∋!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,∗#%/#!&!3&∋/−∋!(&!3∋Π/−4&!(∃,∃7&
∀∃
!(#!4∋−∗#7!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7!(#!4∃∗3#/
Γ∋−;2%&,
∀%
8! Ρ! 97/&/2/∃! (∃! Γ∋−;2%&,! Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! (#! )2∋#∗;#∋≅:! (#! ]φαγ:! &77#≅2∋&! ∃!
∗#7∗∃!3∋−%453−∃!(∃7!&∋/−≅∃7!ην!&!]ν8!Ρ!97/&/2/∃!(∃!Γ∋−;2%&,!&∋()∗+!3&∋&!&!#ϑ=Κ2≅∃7,Π1−&!
#7/&;#,#4#! −≅2&,∗#%/#! 72&! 4∃∗3#/
∋#73∃%7Π1#−7!3∃∋!1−∃,&ΝΟ#7!≅∋&1#7!&∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!Ι2∗&%−/Π∋−∃Ζ
∀&
:!&,∆∗!(&7!Β2#!
1−∃,&∋&∗!≅∋&1#∗#%/#!&7!+∃%1#%ΝΟ#7! (#!ε#%#;∋&!(#! ]φαφ
∀∋
!∃2!&7!,#−7! ∃2!∃7!4∃7/2∗#7! (&!
≅2#∋∋&
∀(
8!Ρ7! &∋/−≅∃7!]ν!&! ην!(∃!97/&/2/∃! (∃!Γ∋−;2%&,!Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 3&∋&!Ω2&%(&:!(#! ]φφα:!
/&∗;∆∗! ?−ϑ&∗! &! ∋#73∃%7&;−,−(&(#! 3#%&,! −%(−1−(2&,8! Α(#∗&−7:! %&! 3∋Χ3∋−&! +∃∗−77Φ∃! (#!
Υ−∋#−/∃!Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! (&7!)&ΝΟ#7!Ξ%−(&7:! ∃7! &∋/−≅∃7!ν!&! µν!(∃!&%/#3∋∃Ε#/∃! (∃! +Χ(−≅∃!(#!
+∋−∗#7!4∃%/∋&!&!ς&Λ!#!&!Θ#≅2∋−(&(#!(&!ι2∗&%−(&(#:!(#!]φφη:!(#−ϑ&∗!4,&∋&!&!3∋#/#%7Φ∃!(#!
∋#73∃%7&;−,−Λ&ΝΦ∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!(∃!−%(−15(2∃8!
!
ιη!)#!4(+Η∗!)#!6γγρ1!/ΤΥ!Ε#;7!6γγρψ!!,∀∃6)>1=∃6&)1Β&∃(()!ΛΕ#27!)(!Κ&∋=>!37!Ε#27!8#4∗;+Π.∋;(!)∗!/∗=Ι∗Μ1!
ιγ!)#!=∗3#4:+∗!)#!6γηγ1!/ΤΥ!Ε#;7!6γηγ7!!
∀∀
!Ν7!Ν7!/7!≅+∋=)()#1!Ν!ς&4(=∋∴(Ηϑ∗!)∗!8∋+#∋.∗!Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−1!,#−∗!ς∗+∋∴∗=.#1!8#−!Ε#[1!6γγσ1!27!ηρρ7!
∀#
!Ε#Ι&−(4#=.∗!)(!/∗+.#!Τ=.#+(4#+∋;(=(!)#!8∋+#∋.∗∃!ς&4(=∗∃1!6ρ!)#!=∗3#4:+∗!)#!6γγϖ1!(+.∋Ι∗∃!6ϕ1!ικ1!ργ!#!
ϕ67!
∀∃
!Ω∃.(.&.∗!)#!Ε∗4(!)∗!≅+∋:&=(−!∀#=(−!Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−1!ηκ!)#!Ρ&−Φ∗!)#!ηϖϖλ1!(+.∋Ι∗!ιγΛηΜ7!
∀%
!Ω∃.(.&.∗!)#!Ε∗4(!)∗!≅+∋:&=(−!∀#=(−!Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−1!ηκ!)#!Ρ&−Φ∗!)#!ηϖϖλ1!(+.∋Ι∗∃!ϕ!(!λ7!
∀&
!Ω∃.(.&.∗!)∗!≅+∋:&=(−!∀#=(−!2(+(!(!#ΒΞΤ&Ι∗∃−Π3∋(1!6ϕ!)#!4(∋∗!)#!ηϖϖι1!(+.∋Ι∗!ηζ7!
∀∋
!Ω∃.(.&.∗!)∗!≅+∋:&=(−!∀#=(−!2(+(!(!#ΒΞΤ&Ι∗∃−Π3∋(1!6ϕ!)#!4(∋∗!)#!ηϖϖι1!(+.∋Ι∗!67!
∀(
!Ω∃.(.&.∗!)∗!≅+∋:&=(−!∀#=(−!2(+(!(!#ΒΞΤ&Ι∗∃−Π3∋(1!6ϕ!)#!4(∋∗!)#!ηϖϖι1!(+.∋Ι∗!ι7!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗#+(∃,)−.)(∗#/.#/)(.)0∗#)%0.(%∃1)∗%∃−#
#
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3( ∀=(>?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
%!
)&!Π∋#&!(#!−%1#7/−∗#%/∃7!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7:!/&∗;∆∗!∆!3∃7751#,!1#∋−?−4&∋!Β2#!&7!3#77∃&7!
3∋−1&(&7!4∃%/&∗!4∃∗!4#∋/&!&2/∃%∃∗−&!Ε2∋5(−4&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!Α!+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃!3&∋&!Ω#7∃,2ΝΦ∃!
(#!+∃%?,−/∃7!Ω#,&/−1∃7!&∃7!Κ%1#7/−∗#%/∃7!#%/∋#!97/&(∃7!#!)&4−∃%&−7!(#!Ρ2/∋∃7!97/&(∃7:!(#!
]φηγ:! ?∃∋∗2,&(&! 3#,∃! .&%4∃! Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 3&∋&! Ω#4∃%7/∋2ΝΦ∃! #! Υ#7#%1∃,1−∗#%/∃!
Σ.ΚΩΥΤ
∀)
:!#7/&;#,#4#2! ∃! +#%/∋∃!Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3&∋&! Ω#7∃,2ΝΦ∃! (#! +∃%?,−/∃7!Ω#,&/−1∃7!&∃7!
Κ%1#7/−∗#%/∃7:!+ΚΩΥΚ
#∗
8!Θ#≅2%(∃!&!∋#?#∋−(&!+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃:!Η!Β2&,!∃!.∋&7−,!%Φ∃!∆!7−≅%&/Π∋−∃
#!
:!
∃!+#%/∋∃!3∃(#!7#∋!−%/#∋3#,&(∃!(−∋#/&∗#%/#!3#,∃7!−%1#7/−(∃∋#7!(∃7!97/&(∃7!Β2#!∋&/−?−4&∋&∗!&!
+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃:!/&%/∃!3&∋&!∃!#7/&;#,#4−∗#%/∃!(#!2∗!3∋∃4#(−∗#%/∃!(#!4∃%4−,−&ΝΦ∃
#∀
!Β2&%/∃!(#!
2∗&!&∋;−/∋&≅#∗
##
8!!
Α7! Ω#≅∋&7! (#! ς∋∃4#(−∗#%/∃! ∋#,&/−1&7! Η! +∃%4−,−&ΝΦ∃! #! Α∋;−/∋&≅#∗! (∃! +ΚΩΥΚ!
∋#/∃∗&∗:! #∗! 7#2! &∋/−≅∃! ]ο:! #77&7! ∗#7∗&7! 3∃77−;−,−(&(#78! Ξ∗! 97/&(∃! /&∗;∆∗! 3∃(#!
4∃%4#(#∋:! &∃! 4∃%/∋&/&%/#! 3&∋/−42,&∋! #7/∋&%≅#−∋∃:! &! ?&42,(&(#! 3&∋&! Β2#! #,#! ∋#4∃∋∋&! &! 2∗!
/∋−;2%&,!&∋;−/∋&,! #∗! 4&7∃! (#! (−732/&7! 42Ε∃! ?2%(&∗#%/∃! ∋#7−(&! %∃! (−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!Α!
3∋#?#∋97/&(∃7!∆! ∋#4∃∋∋#∋!&! 2∗&!&∋;−/∋&≅#∗!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!7#≅2%(∃!∃! ∗∃(#,∃!(&!
+∃∗−77Φ∃!(&7!)&ΝΟ#7!Ξ%−(&7!3&∋&!∃!Υ−∋#−/∃!+∃∗#∋4−&,!Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!+)ΞΥ+Κ
#∃
8!)∃!4&7∃!
(#! 4∃%?,−/∃7! −%/#∋#7/&/&−7! Β2#! −%/#∋#77#∗! &! 3&∋/−42,&∋#7! ∋#7∃,1−(∃7! 3∃∋! &∋;−/∋&≅#∗:! ΙΠ! &!
3∃77−;−,−(&(#!(#!∋#42∋7∃!(−∋#/∃!3∃∋!3&∋/#!(#,#78!!
+∃∗!#?#−/∃:!7#!3∃∋!2∗!,&(∃!∃7!97/&(∃7!4∃∗3Ο#∗!(#!?∃∋∗&!∃∋−≅−%Π∋−&!&!4∃∗2%−(&(#!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!#! ≅∃Λ&∗!(#!3#∋7∃%&,−(&(#! Ε2∋5(−4&!3∋−∗Π∋−&!%&! #7?#∋&!(#!&/2&ΝΦ∃! (∃! (−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!36;,−4∃:!3∃∋!∃2/∋∃:!%&(&!−∗3#(#!&!4∃#ϑ−7/(#!∃2/∋∃7!72Ε#−/∃7!(#!(−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!4∃∗! 4&3&4−(&(#! Ε2∋5(−4&! (−7/−%/&!#!1&∋−Π1#,8! Α! 3∋Χ3∋−&! +Κλ:!%&!72&!Ρ3−%−Φ∃!
!
∀)
!α!,(=;∗! Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!2(+(!Ε#;∗=∃.+&Ηϑ∗! #! 8#∃#=3∗−3∋4#=.∗! Λ,ΤΕ8Μ! Ο∗∋! ;+∋()∗! #4! ηϖρϕ! #!;∗42Θ#!∗!
Κ+&2∗! )∗! ,(=;∗! Χ&=)∋(−7! /∗42∗∃.∗! (.&(−4#=.#! 2∗+!ηλϖ! Ω∃.()∗∃ΞΧ#4:+∗∃! #! ;∗4! ∃#)#! #4! {(∃Φ∋=Ι.∗=!
ΛΩ Ο∗∋!;+∋()∗! ;∗4! ∗!2+∗2δ∃∋.∗! )#! Ο∗+=#;#+!#42+>∃.∋4∗∃! 2(+(! (!+#;∗=∃.+&Ηϑ∗! )(! Ω&+∗2(!
(2δ∃!(!6ω! Κ++(! Χ&=)∋(−1! 4(∃! (.&(−4#=.#! .#4! ;∗4∗! 4∋∃∃ϑ∗! Ο∗+=#;#+! #42+>∃.∋4∗∃1! 2+#∃.(+! (∃∃∋∃.Ψ=;∋(! (!
2(Σ∃#∃!#4!)#∃#=3∗−3∋4#=.∗!#!;∗∗+)#=(+!#∃Ο∗+Η∗∃!;∗=.+(!;+∋∃#∃!#;∗=|4∋;(∃!∋=.#+=(;∋∗=(∋∃7!!!
#∗
!α!/ΤΕ8Τ!ΛΤ/ΖΤ81!=(!∃∋Ι−(!#4!∋=Ι−Ψ∃Μ!>!∗!2+∋=;∋2(−!δ+Ιϑ∗!∋=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!)#)∋;()∗!β!∃∗−&Ηϑ∗!)#!;∗=.+∗3>+∃∋(∃!
∃∗:+#! ∋=3#∃.∋4#=.∗∃7! Ω∃.(:#−#;∋)∗! #4! ηϖσσ! ∃∗:! ∗∃! (&∃2Σ;∋∗∃! )∗! ,ΤΕ81! :&∃;(! ∋=;#=.∋3(+! ∗! ∋=3#∃.∋4#=.∗!
∋=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!(∗!2+∗4∗3#+!∃#Ι&+(=Η(!Ρ&+Σ)∋;(!#!;∗=.(!(.&(−4#=.#!;∗4!ηϕι!Ω∃.()∗∃ΞΧ#4:+∗∃1!∃#4!(!2+#∃#=Η(!
)∗!,+(∃∋−7!
#!
!≅7!Ω! Ζ∋−3(1!Ν! /∗=3#=Ηϑ∗!Ν+:∋.+(−!;∗4∗!Ν−.#+=(.∋3(! ,+(∃∋−#∋+(! β! Ν&∃Ψ=;∋(! )#! ≅+(.()∗∃! )#! ∀+∗.#Ηϑ∗! (∗!
Τ=3#∃.∋4#=.∗! Ω∃.+(=Ι#∋+∗1! Τ=! ]7! 07! /7! ,+(=.1! 87! Ν7! ](Ι#1! Ζ7!Ζ7! /+#4(∃;∗! Λα+Ι∃7Μ1! 8∋+#∋.∗! Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!
/∗=.#42∗+υ=#∗1!/&+∋.∋:(1!Υ&+&Π1!6γηη1!227!6ϖΞρκ7!
#∀
!/∗=3#=Ηϑ∗!∃∗:+#!(!Ε#∃∗−&Ηϑ∗!)#!/∗=Ο−∋.∗∃!Ε#−(.∋3∗∃!(!Τ=3#∃.∋4#=.∗∃!#=.+#!Ω∃.()∗∃!#!0(;∋∗=(∋∃!)#!∗&.+∗∃!
Ω∃.()∗∃1!ηλ!)#!4(+Η∗!)#!ηϖσϕ1!(+.∋Ι∗!6λ7!!
##
!/∗=3#=Ηϑ∗!∃∗:+#!(!Ε#∃∗−&Ηϑ∗!)#!/∗=Ο−∋.∗∃!Ε#−(.∋3∗∃!(!Τ=3#∃.∋4#=.∗∃!#=.+#!Ω∃.()∗∃!#!0(;∋∗=(∋∃!)#!∗&.+∗∃!
Ω∃.()∗∃1!ηλ!)#!4(+Η∗!)#!ηϖσϕ1!(+.∋Ι∗!ισ7!!
#∃
!Ν!/0<8/Τ!Λ<0/Τ≅ΕΝ]1!=(!∃∋Ι−(!#4!∋=Ι−Ψ∃Μ!Ο∗∋!#∃.(:#−#;∋)(! 2#−(!Ν∃∃#4:−#∋(!Κ#+(−!)(∃!0(ΗΘ#∃!<=∋)(∃!
#4!ηϖσσ!;∗4! (!Ο&=Ηϑ∗!)#! 4∗)#+=∋∴(+!#!Φ(+4∗=∋∴(+!(∃!+#Ι+(∃! ∃∗:+#!=#Ιδ;∋∗∃!∋=.#+=(;∋∗=(∋∃7!/∗42∗∃.(!2∗+!
∃#∃∃#=.(!Ω∃.()∗∃ΞΧ#4:+∗∃!#−#∋.∗∃!2#−(!ΝΚ0>!+#∃2∗=∃Π3#−!2∗+!Ο∗+4&−(+!+#Ι+(∃!
Φ(+4|=∋;(∃!#!Ρ&∃.(∃!+#−(.∋3(∃!(!.+(=∃(ΗΘ#∃!;∗4#+;∋(∋∃7!
1445(6789:7;8;!
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3(?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
+∃%72,/−1&!7∃;∋#!&!,−.&/&01∗(.∗/(2&3∗#(4∗5/∀∋∗#(&(4−/!∀0∗(∋(6&07−#(83∀∋:(∋#4∃%Ι#4#!
Β2#! Ψ∃7! 72Ε#−/∃7! (#! (−∋#−/∃! #∗! 2∗! 7−7/#∗&! Ε2∋5(−4∃! %Φ∃! 7Φ∃! %#4#77&∋−&∗#%/#! −(
Β2&%/∃!Η!72&!%&/2∋#Λ&!∃2!Η!#ϑ/#%7Φ∃!(#!7#27!(−∋#−/∃7Ζ
#%
8!
)Φ∃!7#!/∋&/&!&Β2−!(#!&?−∋∗&∋!(#!∗&%#−∋&!−∗3#∋&/−1&!&!Β2&,−(&(#!3,#%&!(∃!−%(−15(2∃!
4∃∗∃!72Ε#−/∃!(#! (−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!+∃∗∃!7&,−#%/&!ς8!κ8!Υ232πχ!Ψ3&∋&!7#∋! 4∃%7−(#∋&(∃!
2∗!72Ε#−/∃!&/−1∃!(#!2∗&!∃∋(#∗!Ε2∋5(−4&:!2∗&!#%/−(&(#!(#1#!3∋#,−∗−%&∋∗#%/#!7#∋!−%1#7/−(&!
3#,∃!∗#7∗∃!7−7/#∗&!%∃∋∗&/−1∃!(#!(−∋#−/∃7!#!∃;∋−≅&ΝΟ#7!4,&∋&∗#%/#!(#?−%−(∃78!κ&7!−7/∃!%Φ∃!
(#1#! 7#∋! 72?−4−#%/#8! Υ#1#=7#:! −≅2&,∗#%/#:! 3∃(#∋! &≅−∋! (−∋#/&∗#%/#! 3∃∋! ∗#−∃! (#!
3∋∃4#(−∗#%/∃7!&3∋∃3∋−&(∃7! 4∃∗! &! ?−%&,−(&(#! (#! 7#!1#∋! ∋#73#−/&∋! ∃! #ϑ#∋454−∃! #?#/−1∃! (∃7!
(−∋#−/∃7!∃! Β2&,!7#!;#%#?−4−&Ζ+
#&
8!Ρ;7#∋1&=7#:! &77−∗!&7!,−∗−/&ΝΟ#7! %&/2∋&−7!(∃!−%(−15(2∃! &∃!
∋#4∃%Ι#4−∗#%/∃!3,#%∃!(#!72&!4&3&4−(&(#!4∃∗∃!72Ε#−/∃!(#!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!9%/∋#/&%/∃:!
#∗;∃∋&! 4∃∗! 4&3&4−(&(#! (#! &ΝΦ∃! &∗3,&∗#%/#! ,−∗−/&(&:! #ϑ4#34−∃%&,! #! ∋#7/∋−/&! &! 4#∋/∃7!
(∃∗5%−∃7! /#∗Π/−4∃7:! ∆! −%#≅Π1#,! &! #ϑ/#%7Φ∃! &∃7! −%(−15(2∃7! (#! 4#∋/&! &2/∃%∃∗−&! Ε2∋5(−4&!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!!
Κ7/∃! 7−≅%−?−4&! Β2#! &7! #%/−(&(#7! 3∋−1&(&7:! (−&%/#! (#! 2∗&! ∋#,&ΝΦ∃! Ε2∋5(−4&!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!%Φ∃! #7/Φ∃!72Ε#−/&7!6%−4&! #!#ϑ4,27−1&∗#%/#!&∃! (−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∋−1&(∃8!
+∃%7#Β2#%/#∗#%/#:!&!(−7/−%ΝΦ∃!#%/∋#!∃7!(∃−7!∗∃(#,∃7:!3∃∋!1−&!2%−4&∗#%/#!(&!&1&,−&ΝΦ∃!(&!
%&/2∋#Λ&!(∃!(#7/−%&/Π∋−∃!(&!%∃∋∗&!3&∋#4#:!%Φ∃!3&∋#4#!7#∋!&3∋∃3∋−&(&8!
!
Μ#2#∃5# =5# 3;#7=6Ε ∆456=#;76;7643=3;5#≅<4Χ=3=5#;#
Ε∆#3;6;3;#Ε∆#344:7=?#Π;6;<:>
;76:#;#:#≅<4Χ=3:!
!
Ρ! &∋≅2∗#%/∃! 4,Π77−4∃! (#! (−7/−%ΝΦ∃! #%/∋#! ∃! (−∋#−/∃! 36;,−4∃! #! ∃! (−∋#−/∃! 3∋−1&(∃!
/&∗;∆∗!%Φ∃! 7#! 727/#%/&! 3&∋&! &3∃−&∋! 2∗&! (#∗&∋4&ΝΦ∃! (&7! #7?#∋&7!(#! &/2&ΝΦ∃! (∃! (−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!36;,−4∃!#!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∋−1&(∃8!Υ#!?&/∃:!(−&%/#!(&!4∃∗3,#ϑ−(&(#!#!
(∃!(#7#%1∃,1−∗#%/∃!(#!∋#,&ΝΟ#7!Ε2∋5(−4&7!(#!%&/2∋#Λ&!∗−7/&!#%/∋#!#%/−(&(#7!3∋−1&(&7!∃2!
4∃∗3&%Ι−&7!∗2,/−%&4−∃%&−7! #! 2∗! (#/#∋∗−%&(∃! 97/&(∃:! ∃!Β2#! 7#! ∃;7#∋1&! ∆! Β2#! ∃!(−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!&4∃∗3&%Ι&! #7/#! ∗∃1−∗#%/∃!#!7#!&(&3/&! /∃∋%&%(∃! ?,2−(&! &!?∋∃%/#−∋&!#%/∋#!∃!
36;,−4∃!#!∃!3∋−1&(∃8!)#7/#7!4&7∃7:!%∃!∗∃∗#%/∃!(&!#,&;∃∋&ΝΦ∃!(∃!4∃%/∋&/∃:!&7!3&∋/#7!3∃(#∗!
#74∃,Ι#∋!∃!(−∋#−/∃!&3,−4&(∃!#!&7!∃3ΝΟ#7!7Φ∃!∗6,/−3,&78!9,&7!−%4,2#∗!2∗!∃2!(−1#∋7∃7!(−∋#−/∃7!
!
#%
!/ΤΥ!Ε#;7!ηϖρϖ1!27!ηκλ7!!
#&
!∀7!8&2&[1!8+∗∋.!∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!2&:−∋;1!∀(+∋∃1!8(−−∗∴1!6γγσ1!27!6ησ7!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗#+(∃,)−.)(∗#/.#/)(.)0∗#)%0.(%∃1)∗%∃−#
#
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3( ∀=(>?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
!!!
−%/#∋%∃7:!∃7! 3∋−%453−∃7!4∃∗2%7!&! #7/#7!(−∋#−/∃7!−%/#∋%∃7:! ∃7!3∋−%453−∃7!≅#∋&−7! (#!(−∋#−/∃:!∃!
(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!∃2!∃7!3∋−%453−∃7!&3,−4&(∃7!Η7!∋#,&ΝΟ#7!#4∃%>∗−4&7!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7:!3∃∋!
#ϑ#∗3,∃
#∋
8!!
Γ&,!?#%>∗#%∃!−∗3∃∋/&!(2&7!4∃%7#Β2ς∋−∗#−∋&∗#%/#:!&!3,2∋&,−(&(#!
(#!∃3ΝΟ#7:!Β2#!−%4,2−!7−∗2,/&%#&∗#%/#!&!3∃77−;−,−(&(#!(#!∋#42∋7∃!&∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!∃2!&∃!
(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!Γ&,!?&/∃!3&∋#4#!(#∗∃%7/∋&∋!Β2#!&!(−7/−%ΝΦ∃!#%/∋#!#7/#7!(∃−7!7−7/#∗&7!
%∃∋∗&/−1∃7! ∋#7−(#:! %#7/#! 4&7∃:! %&! 4∃%1#%−
#7/&;#,#4−(∃!#! ?2%(&(∃! %&! Β2&,−(&(#! 36;,−4&! ∃2! 3∋−1&(&! (∃! (#7/−%&/Π∋−∃! ∃2! (∃! &2/∃∋! (&!
%∃∋∗&8!9∗! 7#≅2%(∃!,2≅&∋:!&! 3∃77−;−,−(&(#:! −≅2&,∗#%/#!#ϑ3∋#77&:!(#! ∋#42∋7∃! &!2∗!(−∋#−/∃!
&2/>%∃∗∃!#!−%(#3#%(#%/#:!&!∗#−∃!4&∗−%Ι∃!#%/∋#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!36;,−4∃!#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%∃! #! 3∋−1&(∃! ∋#1#,&! ∃7! ,−∗−/#7! (#7/&! (−7/−%ΝΦ∃8! 97/#! ?#%>∗#%∃! ∆! (#∗∃%7/∋&(∃! 3#,&!
#ϑ−7/9−:(;−/+&!ΣΚΤ!#!3#,&7!Β2&,−(&(#7!(&!&∋;−/∋&≅#∗!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!ΣΚΚΤ8!
!
)#2#∃#∀#∃!%#&∋()∗&+(!
!
Α! =−:( ;−/+&! ?∃−! 2∗! 7−7/#∗&! Ε2∋5(−4∃! (#7#%1∃,1−(∃! −%−4−&,∗#%/#! 3#,∃7!
4∃∗#∋4−&%/#7!(&!92∋∃3&!∗#(−#1&,!#!Β2#!7#!&/2&,−Λ∃2!&!3&∋/−∋!(&!&/−1−(&(#!3∋Π/−4&8! Α77−∗:!
%&! &/2&,−(&(#:! #,&! #7/Π! ∋#3∋#7#%/&(&:! %&! 72&! #77
#,&;∃∋&(&7! 3#,∃7! ∃3#∋&(∃∋#7! (∃! 4∃∗∆∋4−∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,
#(
8! Γ∋&/&=7#:! 3∃∋/&%/∃:! (&!
4∃%7/−/2−ΝΦ∃!(#! 2∗!7−7/#∗&!−%/#∋∗#(−Π∋−∃! #%/∋#! ∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃! #! ∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!
Β2#!≅&∋&%/#!#73&Ν∃!%&7!∋#,&ΝΟ#7!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7!&!2∗&!/#∋4#−∋&!∃∋(#∗!Ε2∋5(−4&
#)
8!Ρ∋−2%(&!(&!
∋#3#/−ΝΦ∃!(#! 4,Π272,&7!4∃%/−(&7!#∗! 4∃%/∋&/∃7!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7!(#! %&/2∋#Λ&! 4∃∗#∋4−&,:!&!=−:(
;−/+&!∆!2∗!(−∋#−/∃!Β2#!%Φ∃!7#≅2#!3∋∃3∋−&∗#%/#!∃!∗∃(#,∃!(#!?∃∋∗&ΝΦ∃!∋#7#∋1&(∃!&∃!
(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!36;,−4∃:! %#∗!/Φ∃! 3∃24∃!/#∗! &!72&! −%4∃∋3∃∋&ΝΦ∃!#∗! 2∗!(#/#∋∗−%&(∃!
(−∋#−/∃!#7/&/&,8!+∃%7−(#∋&(∃!4∃∗∃!2∗!(−∋#−/∃!/∋&%7%&4−∃%&,
∃∗
:!&!=−:(;−/+&!?∃−!4∋−&(&!
!
#∋
!0#∃∃#!∃#=.∋)∗1!3#∋∗! (!∃#+!(2+∗3()(!2#−∗!Τ=∃.∋.&.!)&!8+∗∋.! Τ=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!∗!(+.∋Ι∗!6!)(! Ε#∃∗−&Ηϑ∗!)#!Ν.#=(∃!
)#! ηϖκϖ1! +#−(.∋3(! β! .∋2∗−∗Ι∋(! )∗∃! ∃∋∃.#4(∃7! Τ=∃.∋.&.! )#! 8+∗∋.! Τ=.#+=(.∋∗=(−1! Ζ#∃∃∋∗=! )µΝ.Φ∆=#∃! ΛηϖκϖΜ1!
Ω=∃#∋Ι=#4#=.!)&!)+∗∋.!∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(−1!η6!)#!∃#.#4:+∗!)#!ηϖκϖ1!(+.∋Ι∗!6ζ7!!
#(
!Υ7!Ζ(−4∗=1!8∋;.∋∗==(∋+#!)#!)+∗∋.!∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!2&:−∋;1!,+&Β#−(∃1!,+&[−(=.1!6γγη1!227!σϕγΞσϕη7!
#)
!Ν7!∀#−−#.1! ](! −#Β! 4#+;(.∗+∋(1! .∋#+∃! ∗+)+#! Ρ&+∋)∋%}! Ε#4(+%∃!∋=Ι>=∃! )µ&=! ∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(−∋∃.#! )#! )+∗∋.!
2&:−∋;!∋=!Ζ∗&3#+(∋=#.>!>.(.∋%!#.!4(+;Φ>∃! ∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(&Β!β!−(! Ο∋=!)&!??∆4#! ∃∋∆;−#π!Ν!2+∗2∗∃! )#!ιγ!(=∃! )#!
+#;Φ#+;Φ#!)&!/ΕΩ8ΤΧΤ1!Χ>−(=Ι#∃!#=!−µΦ∗==#&+!)#!∀Φ∋−∋22#!_(Φ=1!∀(+∋∃1!]∋.#;1!6γγγ1!227!ϕιΞκρ7!
∃∗
Ν!#Β2+#∃∃ϑ∗!θ)∋+#∋.∗!.+(=∃=(;∋∗=(−τ!Ο∗∋!;+∋()(!2∗+!∀7!/7!Υ#∃∃&2!#4!(+.∋Ι∗!2&:−∋;()∗!#4!ηϖϕσ!2(+(!)#Ο∋=∋+!θ∗!
)∋+#∋.∗!%!+#Ι#!(∃!+#−(ΗΘ#∃! %!.+(=∃;#=)#4! (∃!Ο+∗=.#∋+(∃! =(;∋∗=(∋∃!#! %!.+(.(! .(=.∗!)#! ∃&Ρ#∋.∗∃!)∗! )∋+#∋.∗!
∋=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!29:−∋;∗!%&(=.∗!)#!2#∃∃∗(∃!2+∋3()(∃τ7!Ω7!8#;(&Β1!8+∗∋.!∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!2&:−∋;1!ϕω!#)71!∀(+∋∃1!8(−−∗∴1!
6γγσ1!27!ησψ!∀7!Υ#∃∃&21!≅+(=∃=(.∋∗=(−!](ε1!ν(−#1!!
1445(6789:7;8;!
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3(?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
(#!?∃∋∗&!#73∃%/Μ%#&!3∃∋!2∗&!3∋Π/−4&!72?−4−#%/#∗#%/#!#7/Π1#,:!∋#4∃%Ι#4−(&!3#,∃7!97/&(∃7!#!
&3,−4&(&!3#,∃7!&≅#%/#7!3∋−1&(∃7!4∃∗!&!4∃%1−4ΝΦ∃!(#!7#!/∋&/&∋!(#!(−∋#−/∃7!#!∃;∋−≅&ΝΟ#78!!
Γ&,!∗#4&%−7∗∃!3∃(#!7#∋!−≅2&,∗#%/#!#%4∃%/∋&(∃!#∗!∃2/∋∃7!7−7/#∗&7!/&−7!4∃∗∃!=−:(
#.∗/:!&!=−:(∀35∗/;&!∃2!&!=−:(.−∗9−&!Β2#!Ψ3&77∃2!&!4∃%7/−/2−∋!2∗&!7∆∋−#!(#!∋#≅∋&7!
&3,−4Π1#−7!&∃!4∃∗∆∋4−∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! (∃! 3#/∋Χ,#∃:! 3∋∃3∃∋4−∃%&%(∃! &∃7! &/∃∋#7!(∃!4#%Π∋−∃!
%#≅∃4−&,!3#/∋∃,5?#∋∃!&!#,&;∃∋&ΝΦ∃!(#!4∃%/∋&/∃7=/−3∃:!/&−7!4∃∗∃!∃!4∃%/∋&/∃!(#!4∃%4#77Φ∃:!(#!
3&∋/−,Ι&:!∃!&4∃∋(∃! (#! 3&∋/−4−3&ΝΦ∃! #! ∃! 4∃%/∋&/∃! (#! 7#∋1−Ν∃8! Α,∆∗!(−77∃:!&,∆∗! (&! 4Μ∗&∋&!
&∋;−/∋&/&,!(∃! ΑΚς)! ΣΑ77∃4−&/−∃%!∃?!Κ%/#∋%&/−∃%&,! ς#/∋∃,#2∗! )#≅∃/−&/∃∋7Τ!/#∗=7#!?∃∋∗&(∃!
2∗&!Ε2∋−73∋2(
∃!
8!!
+∃%4,2−=7#:!3∃∋/&%/∃!Β2#!&!9−:(;−/+&<>/∀&!∆!2∗!(−∋#−/∃!?∃∋∗&(∃!&!3&∋/−∋!(&!3∋Π/−4&!
3∋−1&(&:!4∃%7/−/25(∃! 7#≅2%(∃! ∃! 4∃7/2∗#!#! &3,−4&(∃! 3∃∋! /∋−;2%&−7!&∋;−/∋&−7! 3∋−1&(∃78! 9∗!
∃2/∋&7!3&,&1∋&7:!#,(7#!∋#72∗#!&!2∗!4∃%Ε2%/∃!(#!∋#≅∋&7!4∃7/2∗#−∋&7!#!&2/>%∃∗&7:!?∃∋∗&(&7!
#73∃%/&%#&∗#%/#!3#,&!3∋Π/−4&!3∋∃?−77−∃%&,!#!3#,&!Ε2∋−73∋2(
∃∀
8!Θ2&!4∃(−?−4&ΝΦ∃:!
3∃∋/&%/∃:!∆! ?∋2/∃! (#! 2∗&! 4#∋/&! ∗∃%/&≅#∗! Ε2∋5(−4&! &3∃−&(&!#∗!4,Π272,&7!4∃%/∋&/2&−7:!Β2#!
(−74−3,−%&∗! (#! ?∃∋∗&! 4∃%7/&%/#! #! ∃∋−≅−%&,! &7! ∋#,&ΝΟ#7! Ε2∋5(−4&7! #%/∋#! ∃7! ∃3#∋&(∃∋#7!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&−78! ΨΡ! ∋#4∃%Ι#4−∗#%/∃! ?∃∋∗&,! (&! &∋;−/∋&≅#∗! 3#,∃7! ∃∋(#%&∗#%/∃7! ,#≅&−7!
%&4−∃%&−7:!;#∗! 4∃∗∃! (#! 72&! &;∃∋(&≅#∗! 3#,∃! 3∃(#∋! Ε2(−4−Π∋−∃:! 7#! &3∋#7#%/&! 4∃∗∃! ∗∃(∃!
#?−4−#%/#!(#!−%4∃∋3∃∋&ΝΦ∃!(#!∋#≅∋&7!(&!=−:(;−/+&!3#,∃7!∃∋(#%&∗#%/∃7!#7/&/&−7Ζ
∃#
8!!
ϕ−7/∃! Β2#! &! =−:( ;−/+&! (#1#! 7#∋! &3,−4&(&! &! 2∗&! ∋#,&ΝΦ∃! 4∃∗! 4∃∗3∃%#%/#!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!7#∗!Β2#!72&!?∃∋∗&ΝΦ∃!7#!(3&∋/−∋!(#!3∋∃4#(−∗#%/∃7!3∋Χ3∋−∃7!Η!4∃%7/−/2−ΝΦ∃!
(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!36;,−4∃:!#!7#∗!Β2#!7#Ε&!%#4#77Π∋−∃!∋#4∃∋∋#∋!&∃!∗∆/∃(∃!(∃!4∃%?,−/∃!
(#!,#−7:!−%#∋#%/#!&∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 3∋−1&(∃:!∃;7#∋1&=7#! &!?∃∋∗2,&ΝΦ∃!(#!2∗!7−7/#∗&!
%∃∋∗&/−1∃!∗−7/∃:!Β2#!/∋&%7−/&!#%/∋#!∃!36;,−4∃!#!∃!3∋−1&(∃!(#74∃%Ι#4#%(∃!72&!(−7/−%ΝΦ∃!#∗!
?2%ΝΦ∃!(#!7#27!72Ε#−/∃78!!
!
))#2#∃#=4:7=?##
!
!
∃!
!/7!Ε7!Ζ∗44#+1!α!Ο∗+.(−#;∋4#=.∗!#!#∃2#;∋(−∋∴(Ηϑ∗!)(!]#Β!4#+;(.∗+∋(!Ο+#=.#!(∗!Ο#=|4#=∗!)(!Ι−∗:(−∋∴(Ηϑ∗1!
Χ∋Ι(−Φ(∃1!ιη!)#!∗&.&:+∗!)#!6γηρ7!
∃∀
!α!Ζ&2+#4∗!≅+∋:&=(−!Γ#)#+(−1!2∗+!4#∋∗!)∗!ΝΙ+(3∗!Ε#Ι∋4#=.(−!=(!Ζ#=.#=Η(!Ω∃.+(=Ι#∋+(!=ζ!ϕ76γσχΩ∃2(=Φ(!
ΛΕ#−(.∗+! Χ∋=7! Ζ#29−3#)(! ∀#+.#=;#Μ! )#! η6! )#! )#∴#4:+∗! )#! 6γγη1! Ρ&−Ι∗&! ;∗=∃.∋.&;∋∗=(−! (! (+:∋.+(Ι#4!
∋=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!=∗!∗+)#=(4#=.∗!Ρ&+Σ)∋;∗!;∋&7−,#−∋∃:!4∃%?∃∋∗#!#7/&;#,#4−(∃!3#,&!∀#−!%ν!φ8β_µ:!(#!β!
(#!7#/#∗;∋∃!(#!]φφη8!!
∃#
!Ω7!∋)∋Ι(−1!Ν!]#Β!4#+;(.∗+∋(!;∗4∗!Ο∗=.#!)∗!)∋+#∋.∗!)∗!;∗4>+;∋∗!∋=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!#!(!∃&(!(2−∋;(Ηϑ∗!=∗!,+(∃∋−1!
Ε#3∋∃.(!)#!Τ=Ο∗+4(Ηϑ∗!]#Ι∋∃−(.∋3(1!(7!ρκ1!=7!ηλσ1!6γηγ1!27!ηλϕ7!!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗#+(∃,)−.)(∗#/.#/)(.)0∗#)%0.(%∃1)∗%∃−#
#
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3( ∀=(>?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
!∀!
Ρ7! &4∃∋(∃7! ∋#&,−Λ&(∃7! #%/∋#! #∗3∋#7&7! ∗2,/−%&4−∃%&−7! #! 2∗! (#/#∋∗−%&(∃! 97/&(∃!
3∃(#∗! ∃∋−≅−%&∋! −≅2&,∗#%/#! ∃! Β2#! 7#! 4∃%1#%4−∃%∃2! 4Ι&∗&∋! (#! 2∗! ?≅∀( ∀3
&Α/−−;−3
∃∃
8! Γ∋&/&=7#! (#! &4∃∋(∃7! Β2#:! 3∃∋! 72&! %&/2∋#Λ&:! #∗! 3∋−%453−∃:! (#1#∗!
&3&∋#%/#∗#%/#!7#∋!∋#≅−(∃7!3#,∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∋−1&(∃:!∃2!7#Ε&:!#∗!1−&!(#!∋#≅∋&:!3#,∃!
(−∋#−/∃!(∃!97/&(∃!7#(#!(&!4∃∗3&%Ι−&8!Κ7/∃!%Φ∃!7−≅%−?−4&:!/∃(&1−&:!Β2#:!(#!?∃∋∗&!#ϑ4#34−∃%&,!
%Φ∃!7#!3∃77&! &3,−4&∋!∃! (−∋#−/∃!36;,−4∃! (∃!97/&(∃! #∗!Β2#7/Φ∃8!Γ&,!#1#%/2&,−(&(#!7#!,−∗−/&:!
4∃%/2(∃:!&!∗&/∆∋−&7!(#!%&/2∋#Λ&!/∋−;2/Π∋−&:!/∋&;&,Ι−7/&!∃2!&(∗−%−7/∋&/−1&
∃%
8!!
Ρ! 3∋∃;,#∗&! (&! /
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 3∋−1&(∃:! 4∃%/2(∃:! ∋#&3&∋#4#! %#7/#7! 4&7∃7! 7#! ∃! 4∃%/∋&/∃! ?−Λ#∋! ∋#?#∋
&∋;−/∋&≅#∗! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 4∃∗∃! ?∃∋∗&! (#! 7∃,2ΝΦ∃! (#! 4∃%/∋∃1∆∋7−&78! Α! −%(#3#%(
Π∋;−/∋∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! %∃∋∗&,∗#%/#! ∃! &2/∃∋−Λ&! &! (#74&∋/&∋! &7! (−73∃7−ΝΟ#7! −%&(#Β2&(&7!
4∃%/−(&7!%∃7! (−∋#−/∃7! #7/&/&−7:! ∃2!4∃∗;−%&∋!(−?#∋#%/#7!,#≅−7,&ΝΟ#7! −%/#∋%&78! +∃∗! #?#−/∃:! &!
#ϑ3#∋−7#!&3∃−&!%#4#77&∋−&∗#%/#!%∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!(#!
2∗! (#/#∋∗−%&(∃! 97/&(∃
∃&
8! Α77−∗:! &3#7&∋! (&! ∃3∃7−ΝΦ∃! (#! θ8! θ#%≅,#∋
∃∋
:! &! (∃2/∋−%&!
∗&Ε∃∋−/Π∋−&!#%/#%(#!Β2#!∃!Π∋;−/∋∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∃(#!7#!?2%(&∗#%/&∋!−≅2&,∗#%/#!%∃!(−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3&∋&! &!∃;/#%ΝΦ∃!(&!7∃,2ΝΦ∃! (#! 2∗&!(#/#∋∗−%&(&!4∃%/∋∃1∆∋7−&8! Γ&,! Ι−3Χ/#7#!
1#−∃!&!7#∋!(#∗∃%7/∋&(&!%&(7#%/#%Ν&!&∋;−/∋&,!(#!β!(#!&≅∃7/∃!(#!]φγ⊥!#%/∋#!Β/Χ∆∀&(4&≅∋∀
−(&(Β/&∆∀&3(Β;−/∀+&3(Ε∀9(Φ∗;.&3Γ(ΗΒ,ΒΙΦΕϑ8!)#7/#! 4&7∃:!∃!Γ∋−;2%&,!Α∋;−/∋&,!(#4−(−2!
Β2#!Ψ∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!(#1#∋−&!7#∋!&3,−4&(∃!%&7!4∃%4#77Ο#7!(&!+∃∗3&%Ι−&!3#/∋∃,5?#∋&:!
3∃−7!∋&ΛΟ#7!∃;Ε#/−1&7!/∃∋%&1&∗!−∗3∃7751#,!&!&3,−4&ΝΦ∃!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!(#!2∗!7Χ!97/&(∃Ζ
∃(
8!(
ρ−%&,∗#%/#:! 4∃%4,2−=7#! Β2#! &! &∋;−/∋&≅#∗! 3∃(#! ∃;7#∋1&∋! 2∗! (−∋#−/∃! 4∃∗#∋4−&,!
4∃∗2∗:! (∃/&(∃! (#! &2/∃%∃∗−&! 1−7=Η=1−7! (∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%∃! #! (∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! #!
?2%(&∗#%/&(∃!%∃!(−∋#−/∃!4∃7/2∗#−∋∃!(∃!4∃∗∆∋4−∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,
∃)
8!+∃∗∃!727/#%/&!Α8!ς#,,#/!
#!ς8!Υ&−,,#∋:!Ψ&!#ϑ3#∋/−7#!(#!4#∋/∃7!∃∋≅&%−7∗∃7!3∋∃?−77−∃%&−7:!&!−%&(&3/&ΝΦ∃!(#!4#∋/∃7!(−∋#−/∃7!
%&4−∃%&−7!Η7!#ϑ−≅
#ϑ/∋&/#∋∋−/∃∋−&,! (#! 4∃%/∋&/∃7! 72Ε#−/∃7! &! 2∗&! ,#−! #7/∋&%≅#−∋&! #! &! 3∃77−;−,−(&(#! (#! 4#∋/&7!
7∃4−#(&(#7!(#!−∗3∃∋!&∃7!97/&(∃7!∃!∋#42∋7∃!Η!&∋;−/∋&≅#∗!/∋&%7%&4−∃%&,:!/2(∃!−77∃!4∃%1#∋≅#!
!
∃∃
!Ν7!#+)+∗∃∃1! ≅Φ#! Ζ.(.&∃! ∗Ο!Ο∗+#∋Ι=!2+∋3(.#! ∋=.#+#∃.∃! ∃.#44∋=Ι! Ο+∗4!#;∗=∗4∋;! )#3#−∗24#=.! (Ι+##4#=.∃!
ε∋.Φ!(+:∋.+(.∋∗=!;−(&∃#∃1!α∃.#++#∋;Φ∋∃;Φ#!ξ#∋.∃;Φ+∋Ο.!Ο&+!αΟΟ#=.−∋;Φ#∃!Ε#;Φ.1!ηϖϕλΞηϖϕϖ1!227!ρρϖΞρϕι7!
∃%
!Ν7! _(∃∃∋∃1! ∀+∗:−∆4#∃! )#! :(∃#! )#! −µ(+:∋.+(Ι#! #4! )+∗∋.! ;∗42(+#! #.! #=! )+∗∋.! ∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(−π! (+:∋.+(Ι#!
Ρ&+∋)∋;.∋∗==#−!#.!(+:∋.+(Ι#!;∗=.+(;.−1!∀(+∋∃1!]Κ8Υ1!ηϖλκ7!
∃&
!,7!Κ∗−)4(=1!Γ+∗=.∋∆+#∃!)&!)+∗∋.!#.!−#Β!4#+;(.∗+∋(1!Ν+;Φ∋3#∃!)#!2Φ∋−∗∃∗2Φ∋#!)&!)+∗∋.1!ηϖσρ1!27!ηϕ7!!
∃∋
!{7! {#=Ι−#+1! ]#∃! (;;∗+)∃! #=.+#! Ω.(.∃! #.! #=.+#2+∋∃#∃! >.+(=Ι∆+#∃! ∃∗=.Ξ∋−∃! #=;∗+#! )#∃! .+(∋.>∃! )#! )+∗∋.!
∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(−}1!κσ!ΕΚ8Τ∀1!ηϖκ61!227!ιηιΞιρϕ7!
∃(
!Ν+Π:∋(!Ζ(&)∋.(!37!Ν+(:∋(=!Ν4#+∋;(=!α∋−!/∗42(=[!ΛΝΕΝΧ/αΜ1!6ι!)#!(Ι∗∃.∗!)#!ηϖϕλ1!Τ]Ε!ηϖσι1!27!ηκ67!!
∃)
!Τ7!Ζ.+#=Ι#+1!](!=∗.∋∗=!)#!−#Β!4#+;(.∗+∋(!#=!)+∗∋.!)&!;∗44#+;#!∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(−1!Ε/Ν8Τ1!37!η1!ηϖϖη1!27!6κι7!
1445(6789:7;8;!
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3(?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
3&∋&!(#−ϑ&∋!2∗!&∗3,∃!#73&Ν∃!&∃7!4∃7/2∗#7!(∃!4∃∗∆∋4−∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!#!&4#−/&∋!(#∋∋∃≅&ΝΟ#7!
&!2∗&!4∃∗3#/
%∗
8!!
!
Β#2#∃#=Ε6:7:∆4=#>:∆:#:#;?;∆;76:#>:75646Ε64Χ:#3:#344:7=?#≅ΑΒ?4>:#
!
Α!4∃%4,27Φ∃!&!Β2#!7#!4Ι#≅&!∆! Β2#! %Φ∃! 7#! 3∃(#! (−7/−%≅2−∋! ∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!
36;,−4∃!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∋−1&(∃!2%−4&∗#%/#! &!3&∋/−∋!(#!2∗&!&?−∋∗&ΝΦ∃! 4&/#≅Χ∋−4&!
7#≅2%(∃! &! Β2&,! 4&;#∋−&! &∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 36;,−4∃! ∋#≅2,&∗#%/&∋! #ϑ4,27−1&∗#%/#!
∋#,&ΝΟ#7!Ε2∋5(−4&7!42Ε∃7!72Ε#−/∃7!7#∋−&∗!(∃/&(∃7!(#!7∃;#∋&%−&!#!∋#,&4−∃%&(∃7!&!2∗&!%&/2∋#Λ&!
−%/#∋#7/&/&,:! &∃! 3&77∃! Β2#! &∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 3∋−1&(∃! −%42∗;−∋−&! &/2&∋! (−&%/#! (#!
#%/−(&(#7!3∋−1&(&78!9∗!∃2/∋&7!3&,&1∋&7:!&!(−7/−%ΝΦ∃!#%/∋#!#7/#7!(∃−7!∋&∗∃7!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!%Φ∃!7#!
&3∃−&!%#4#77&∋−&∗#%/#!%&!Β2&,−(&(#!(#!7#27!72Ε#−/∃7!#!(#7/−%&/Π∋−∃78!Υ#!?∃∋∗&!#ϑ4#34−∃%&,:!
∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∋−1&(∃!3∃(#! 7#∋! &3,−4&(∃! &! ∋#,&ΝΟ#7! Ε2∋5(−4&7! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7! Β2#!
#%1∃,1&∗! 2∗! (#/#∋∗−%&(∃! 97/&(∃! #:! #∗! 4#∋/&7! 4−∋42%7/Μ%4−&7! &/53−4&7:! ∃! (−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!36;,−4∃!/&∗;∆∗!3∃(#!7#∋!(−∋−≅−(∃!&!3#77∃&7!(#!(−∋#−/∃!3∋−1&(∃
%!
8!!
Α!Β2#7/Φ∃!∋#,&/−1&!Η!(#/#∋∗−%&ΝΦ∃!(∃7!#,#∗#%/∃7!Β2#!≅&∋&%/#∗!&!%&/2∋#Λ&!(−7/−%/−1&!
(∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 36;,−4∃! #! (∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 3∋−1&(∃! 3&∋#4#:! 3∃∋/&%/∃:!
(#7,∃4&(&8!!
Υ#! ?&/∃:! &! (−7/−%ΝΦ∃! #%/∋#! &7! (2&7! ∃∋(#%7! %∃∋∗&/−1&7! %Φ∃! 3∃(#! 7#∋! #%4∃%/∋&(&!
2%−4&∗#%/#!%&!%&/2∋#Λ&!36;,−4&!∃2!3∋−1&(&!(#!4&(&!2∗&!(#,&78!Ρ!∃;Ε#/∃!(−7/−%/−1∃!∆!∃2/∋∃!
#! ∋#7−(#! %∃! ?&/∃! (#! Β2#! ∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 3∋−1&(∃! %Φ∃! ∆! 2∗&! ∃∋(#∗! %∃∋∗&/−1&!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!.−/( #∀8! Α∃! 4∃%/∋Π∋−∃:! #7/#!#7/Π!%−/−(&∗#%/#!−%/#≅∋&(∃! 4∃∗∃! 3&∋/#! (∃! (−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%∃!(#! 2∗! (#/#∋∗−%&(∃! 97/&(∃8! Γ&,! 4∃%7/&/&ΝΦ∃! ?∃−!?#−/&! 3#,&! +∃∋/#! ς#∋∗&%#%/#! (#!
λ27/−Ν&!Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! %∃! Ε2,≅&∗#%/∃! (∃! 4&7∃! (∃7! Κ;./Λ# 4Λ/!∀∗#! (#! ]φφ8! Ρ! 4&7∃!
1#∋7&1&!7∃;∋#! ∃!3&≅&∗#%/∃!(#! /5/2,∃7!(#!4∋∆(−/∃! #∗−/−(∃7!%&!ρ∋&%Ν&! #%/∋#!]⊥φγ!#! ]φ]β!#!
/∃∗&(∃7!3#,&! Θ∆∋1−&8! Ρ! ≅∃1#∋%∃! ?∋&%4<7:! ∋#3∋#7#%/&%(∃! ∃7! 4∋#(∃∋#7:! &∋≅2∗#%/&1&! Β2#! ∃!
3&≅&∗#%/∃!(#1#∋−&!7#∋!4∃∋∋−≅−(∃!3#,&!−%?,&ΝΦ∃!#! −%(#ϑ&(∃! &∃! 1&,∃∋! (∃! ∃2∋∃:! #%Β2&%/∃! ∃!
≅∃1#∋%∃!7∆∋1−∃!&,#≅&1&!Β2#!∃!3&≅&∗#%/∃!(#1#∋−&!7#∋!?#−/∃!&3#%&7!%∃!3&3#,=∗∃#(&!?∋&%4<78!
Α! +∃∋/#:! #%/Φ∃:! ∋#4∃%Ι#4#2! Β2#! Ψ%∃∋∗&7! ∋#≅2,&%(∃! ∃;∋−≅&ΝΟ#7! 4∃%/∋&/2&−7! 3∋−1&(&7!
Ψ3∃(#∗!7#∋!4∃∗2%7!&!(−1#∋7∃7!97/&(∃7!#!3∃(#∗! &/∆!7#∋! #7/&;#,#4−(&7!3∃∋! 4∃%1#%ΝΟ#7!∃2!
3#,∃! 4∃7/2∗#! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:! %#7/#! 4&7∃! 3∃772−%(∃! ∃! 4&∋Π/#∋! (#! 1#∋(&(#−∋∃! (−∋#−/∃!
!
%∗
!Ν7!∀#−−#.1!07!8∋=Φ1!∀7!8(∋−−∋#+1!8+∗∋.!∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!2&:−∋;1!σω!#)71!∀(+∋∃1!]Κ8Υ1!ηϖϖϖ1!27!ϖϖ67!!
%!
!Ζ7!Χ&+2Φ[1!≅7!,+Ι#=.Φ(−1!∀&:−∋;!Τ=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!](ε1!Ζ.7!∀(&−1!{#∃.Ι+∗&21!6γγι1!227!ιΞρ7!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗#+(∃,)−.)(∗#/.#/)(.)0∗#)%0.(%∃1)∗%∃−#
#
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3( ∀=(>?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
!#!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!≅∃1#∋%&%(∃!&!∋#,&ΝΦ∃!#%/∋#!97/&(∃78!κ&7:!&,∆∗!(−77∃:!(#1#=7#!4∃%7−(#∋&∋!Β2#!
/&−7!∋#≅∋&7!?∃∋∗&∗!3&∋/#!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃Ζ+
%∀
8!!
Ρ;7#∋1&=7#:! 3∃∋/&%/∃:! Β2#! &! −%4,27Φ∃! (∃! /#∋∗∃! Ψ−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,Ζ! %&! %∃∗#%4,&/2∋&!
∋#,&/−1&!&∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∋−1&(∃!%Φ∃!∋#3∋#7#%/&!Η!7#3&∋&ΝΦ∃!(#7/&!∃∋(#∗!%∃∋∗&/−1&!
(&!,Χ≅−4&!4∃%7/−/24−∃%&,:!Β2#! ?2%(&∗#%/&!∃!(−∋#−/∃! (∃∗∆7/−4∃8!9,&!−%(−4&! 7−∗3,#7∗#%/#!&!
#ϑ−7/Β2&,!
7#! −∗3Ο#! &! %#4#77−(&(#! (#! &3,−4&ΝΦ∃! (∃! 4∃%?,−/∃! (#! ,#−7! %&! (#/#∋∗−%&ΝΦ∃! (&! ,#≅−7,&ΝΦ∃!
−%/#∋%&!&3,−4Π1#,
%#
:!∃2!7#Ε&:! &!#74∃,Ι&!&(#Β2&(&!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!&3,−4&(∃!&!2∗&! ∋#,&ΝΦ∃!
Ε2∋5(−4&!4∃∗!4∃∗3∃%#%/#7!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&−78!
Κ∗&≅−%#∗∃7!2∗&!7−/2&ΝΦ∃!Ι−3∃/∆/−4&8!ς&2,∃:!(#!%&4−∃%&,−(&(#!;∋&7−,#−∋&:!#∗3∋#≅&(∃!
(#!2∗&! ∗2,/−%&4−∃%&,! 4&%&(#%7#! 4∃∗! ?−,−&,! #∗!.#,∃!ι∃∋−Λ∃%/#:!∋#4#;#!2∗&! 3∋∃3∃7/&! (#!
/∋&;&,Ι∃! #∗! κ∃%/∋#&,8! 9,#! &4#−/&! #:! %∃! 7#2! 7#≅2%(∃! &%∃! 1−1#%(∃! %∃! +&%&(Π:! 4∃%Ι#4#!
Θ∃3Ι−#:!2∗&!;#,&!4&%&(#%7#:!4∃∗!Β2#∗!7#!4&7&8!Γ∋<7!&%∃7!∗&−7!/&∋(#:!#,#!&772∗#!2∗!%∃1∃!
3∃7/∃!#!7#!∗2(&!3&∋&!∃!λ&3Φ∃:!∃%(#!#,&! (#4−(#!?&Λ#∋!7#2!(∃2/∃∋&(∃8!9∗!0π∃/∃:!%&74#!7#2!
3∋−∗#−∋∃!?−,Ι∃:!κ&/Ι−#2:!#!#,#7!(#4−(#∗!4∃∗3∋&∋!2∗!&3&∋/&∗#%/∃!%∃1∃8!Α!#∗3∋#7&!%&!Β2&,!
/∋&;&,Ι&! ∆! #%/Φ∃! &77∃4−&(&! &! 2∗! ≅∋23∃! (#! −%1#7/−∗#%/∃7! &27/∋&,−&%∃! #! #,#! ∆:! &77−∗:!
4∃%1−(&(∃!&!/∋&;&,Ι&∋!#!1−1#∋!#∗!Θ−(%#π8!)#7/&!4−(&(#:!4∃∗3∋&!2∗!7#≅2%(∃!&3&∋/&∗#%/∃:!
%&74#!72&!7#≅2%(&!?−,Ι&:!9,∃(−#:!#!#,#!7#!(−1∃∋4−&8!σ2&/∋∃!&%∃7!(#3∃−7:!(#!?∆∋−&7!#∗!ς&∋−7:!
ς&2,∃!4∃%Ι#4#!κ&∋−#:!4∃∗!Β2#∗!7#!4&7&:!#!3&77&!&!1−1#∋!%&!ρ∋&%Ν&8!Κ%?#,−Λ∗#%/#:!#∗!2∗&!
%∃−/#!4Ι21∃7&:!ς&2,∃!7∃?∋#!2∗!≅∋&1#!&4−(#%/#!&2/∃∗∃;−,57/−4∃!3∋Χϑ−∗∃!Η!4−(&(#!(#!∀#!κ&%7!
#!1#∗!&!?&,#4#∋8!
Ρ!3∋∃;,#∗&!Β2#!7#!4∃,∃4&!&Β2−!&3∋#7#%/&!1Π∋−&7!3&∋/−42,&∋−(&(#7!3∋∃4#772&−78!Γ∋&/&=
7#:!%&/2∋&,∗#%/#:!(#!2∗!3∋∃4#(−∗#%/∃!(#!−%1#%/Π∋−∃!#!3&∋/−,Ι&!(#!;#%7
%∃
8!Ρ4∃∋∋#!Β2#:!%#7/#!
4&7∃:! &! ∋#,&ΝΦ∃! Ε2∋5(−4&! ∆! (∃/&(&! (#! 2∗! 4∃∗3∃%#%/#! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8! Α! %&4−∃%&,−(&(#! (#!
ς&2,∃:!(#!7#27! ?−,Ι∃7:!#73∃7&7! #!;#%7!∆!(−7/−%/&8!ς∃∋/&%/∃:!Β2&,!7#∋−&!∃!(−∋#−/∃!&3,−4&(∃τ!Ρ!
(#!%&4−∃%&,−(&(#!(∃!∋−(+≅Μ≅#τ!!Ρ!(#!%&4−∃%&,−(&(#!(#!72&!3∋−∗#−∋&!∃2!7#≅2%(&!#73∃7&τ!Ρ!
(#! %&4−∃%&,−(&(#! (∃7! ?−,Ι∃7! ∃2! (∃7! ;#%7τ! Ρ! (∃! ,∃4&,! (#! 7#2! ?&,#4−∗#%/∃τ! Α! Ε2∋−7(−ΝΦ∃!
;∋&7−,#−∋&!3∃(#∋−&!7#∋!∋#4∃%Ι#4−(&!4∃∗∃!4∃∗3#/#%/#τ!σ2&,!∃!#?#−/∃:!%∃!.∋&7−,:!(&!7#%/#%Ν&!
!
%∀
!Ω42+>∃.∋4∗∃!Ζ>+3∋∗∃!ΛΓ+(=Η(!37!Ε#∋=∗!)∗∃!Ζ>+3∋∗∃1!/+∗(.(∃!#!Ω∃−∗3#=∗∃Μ1!η6!)#!Ρ&−Φ∗!)#!ηϖ6ϖ1!/∀ΥΤ!Ζ>+∋#!
Ν1!=ζ!6γ1!27!ρη7!!
%#
!Ν7!Γ7!]∗ε=#Ο#−)1!Τ=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!Ω;∗=∗4∋;!](ε1!αΒΟ∗+)1!αΒΟ∗+)!<=∋3#+∃∋.[!∀+#∃∃1!6γγι1!27!ϖγγ7!!
%∃
!,7!{7!Ε#;Φ∃.#∋=#+1!Ν∃2#;.∗∃!Κ#+(∋∃!)∗!8∋+#∋.∗!)(∃!Ζ&;#∃∃Θ#∃!=∗!∼4:∋.∗!)∗!8∋+#∋.∗!Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!∀+∋3()∗!
∃∗:!(! ∀#+∃2#;.∋3(!)∗! 8∋+#∋.∗!,+(∃∋−#∋+∗1!Τ=! Τ=!]7! 07!/7!,+(=.1! 87!Ν7! ](Ι#1!Ζ7!Ζ7! /+#4(∃;∗!Λα+Ι∃7Μ1! 8∋+#∋.∗!
Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!/∗=.#42∗+υ=#∗1!/&+∋.∋:(1!Υ&+&Π1!6γηη1!227!6κκΞ6ϖ67!!
1445(6789:7;8;!
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3(?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
3∋∃%2%4−&(&! %∃! #7/∋&%≅#−∋∃τ! ! 97/&7! Β2#7/Ο#7! %Φ∃! 3∃772#∗! ∋#73∃7/&! #1−(#%/#:! ∗&7!
4∃%7/−/2#∗!∃!?2%(&∗#%/∃!(∃!∃;Ε#/∃!(#!&3,−4&ΝΦ∃!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∋−1&(∃8!!
κ&7!Β2#!?2%(&∗#%/∃!∆!#7/#τ!Υ#!?&/∃:!%#7/#!4&7∃:!∃!(−∋#−/∃!&!7#∋!&3,−4&(∃!Η!∋#,&ΝΦ∃!
Ε2∋5(−4&!%Φ∃!∆!3∋∃3∋−&∗#%/#!2∗!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!(−7/−%/∃!(∃7!(−∋#−/∃7!#7/&/&−78!Α!∋#,&ΝΦ∃!
Ε2∋5(−4&!7−∗:!#,&!∆!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!∗&7!∃!(−∋#−/∃!∆!3#∋?#−/&∗#%/#!%&4−∃%&,8!Γ∃(&!(−?−42,(&(#!
7#!(Π!%&!Β2#7/Φ∃!(#!7&;#∋!(#/#∋∗−%&∋!4∃∗!4,&∋#Λ&!7#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!&3,−4&(∃!7#∋Π!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!
(#! 2∗! 97/&(∃! ∃2! (#! ∃2/∋∃8! Ρ! 3∋∃;,#∗&! 7#! ∋#72∗−∋−&:! #∗! ≅∋&%(#7! ,−%Ι&7:! 3∃∋/&%/∃:! %&!
(#?−%−ΝΦ∃!(#!Β2&,!7#∋−&!∃!(−∋#−/∃!%&4−∃%&,:!&3,−4Π1#,!&!#7/&!∋#,&ΝΦ∃!Ε2∋5(−4&!4∃∗!4∃∗3∃%#%/#7!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7
%%
8!!
[:!3∃∋/&%/∃:!%#7/#!7#%/−(∃!Β2#!7#!3∃(#!&4∃,Ι#∋!&!(#?−%−ΝΦ∃!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!
3∋−1&(∃!3∋∃3∃7/&! 3∃∋! Α8!Α27/!7#≅2%(∃!&! Β2&,! #7/#!7#∋−&!Ψ∃!4∃%Ε2%/∃! (#! ∋#≅∋&7!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!
(∃∗∆7/−4∃!(#! 2∗! 97/&(∃!&3,−4&(∃!Β2&%(∃!2∗&! Β2#7/Φ∃! Ε2∋5(−4&! 4∃%/∆∗!2∗!#,#∗#%/∃!(#!
#ϑ/∋&/#∋∋−/∃∋−&,−(&(#:! #! (#1#! 7#∋! (#4−(−(∃! 7#! &! 4∃∋/#! (∃∗∆7/−4&! (#1#! &3,−4&∋! ∃! (−∋#−/∃!
#7/∋&%≅#−∋∃!∃2!4#(#∋!&!72&!Ε2∋−7(−ΝΦ∃!&!2∗&!(#/#∋∗−%&(&!4∃∋/#!#7/∋&%≅#−∋&Ζ+
%&
8!Κ7/∃!7−≅%−?−4&!
(−Λ#∋!Β2#! ∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 3∋−1&(∃! 7#!1−%42,&!&! 2∗&!∋#,&ΝΦ∃!Ε2∋5(−4&! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!
∗&7!%Φ∃!≅∃Λ&!(#!&2/∃%∃∗−&!!∀#∃%∃!∀#!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃8!Α∃!4∃%/∋Π∋−∃:!#7/#!∆!3&∋/#!−%/#≅∋&%/#!
#! 4∃∗3,#∗#%/&∋! (#! 2∗! (#/#∋∗−%&(∃! (−∋#−/∃! (∃∗∆7/−4∃8! +∃%7#Β2#%/#∗#%/#:! 72&! ,Χ≅−4&!
7#≅2#:!%&/2∋&,∗#%/#:!∃!3&(∋Φ∃!4∃%7/−/24−∃%&,8!!
Ρ4∃∋∋#! Β2#:! 7#! ∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 3∋−1&(∃! ∆! 3&∋/#! −%/#≅∋&%/#! (∃! (−∋#−/∃!
(∃∗∆7/−4∃!(#!2∗!(#/#∋∗−%&(∃!97/&(∃:!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!36;,−4∃!%Φ∃!∆8!97/#!%Φ∃!3∃(#!
7#∋!(#?−%−(∃!4∃∗∃!2∗!(−∋#−/∃!#ϑ/#∋−∃∋!(∃!97/&(∃8!9,#!/#∗!%&/2∋#Λ&!3∋Χ3∋−&!#:!#∗;∃∋&!3∃77&!
7#!∋#,&4−∃%&∋! 4∃∗!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃:! 7#∋! &4∃,Ι−(∃!%∃!Μ∗;−/∃! (∃! (−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!∃2! ∗#7∗∃!
&3,−4&(∃! (−∋#/&∗#%/#! 3#,∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%∃:! Β2&%(∃! #7/#! ∗&%−?#7/&! /&,! −%/#%ΝΦ∃:! ∃! (−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!36;,−4∃!∆!&2/>%∃∗∃8Ι#!<=∋3#+∃∋.[!∀+#∃∃1!6γγϕ1!27!η7!
%∋
!07!Ν+(9Ρ∗1!8∋+#∋.∗!Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!∀+∋3()∗!!.#∗+∋(!#!2+Π.∋;(!:+(∃∋−#∋+(1!6ω!#)1!Ε∋∗!)#!Υ(=#∋+∗1!Ε#=∗3(+1!6γγρ7!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗#+(∃,)−.)(∗#/.#/)(.)0∗#)%0.(%∃1)∗%∃−#
#
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3( ∀=(>?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
!∃!
#
+#2#∃#4:7=?#;#:#5456;∆=#ϑΕ:#476;<7:#
#
Α!&%Π,−7#!(&! ∋#,&ΝΦ∃! #%/∋#! &! ∃∋(#∗! %∃∋∗&/−1&! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!#! ∃! 7−7/#∗&! Ε2∋5(−4∃!
−%/#∋%∃!(#1#!3&∋/−∋!#77#%4−&,∗#%/#!(∃!3∋−%453−∃!(#!Β2#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! %Φ∃! ∆! 2∗!
3∋∃,∃%≅&∗#%/∃!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!%&!#7?#∋&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!#!%#∗!4∃∗!#7/#!7#!4∃%?2%(#
%(
8!Α!
1∃4&ΝΦ∃!(#!&∗;∃7:!;#∗!4∃∗∃!7#27! ∋#,&/−1∃7!4&∗3∃7!(#!&/2&ΝΦ∃:!7Φ∃! (−7/−%/∃78!9∗!∃2/∋&7!
3&,&1∋&7:! &! ∃;∋−≅&ΝΦ∃! ≅#∋&,! Β2#! 4∃%(2Λ! ∃7! 97/&(∃7! &! &≅−∋#∗! #∗! 4∃%?∃∋∗−(&(#! 4∃∗! &7!
%∃∋∗&7! (#! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 7∃;! 3#%&! (#! ∋#4∃%Ι#4−∗#%/∃! (#! ∋#73∃%7&;−,−(&(#!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!%Φ∃!(#4∃∋∋#!3&∋/−42,&∋∗#%/#!(#!2∗&!∃;∋−≅&ΝΦ∃!(∃∗∆7/−4&
%)
8!Θ#:!3∃∋!2∗!,&(∃:!
&!∃∋−≅#∗!(∃! (−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! %Φ∃!#7/Π! (#/#∋∗−%&(&!%∃! (−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃:! 3∃∋!∃2/∋∃:! 72&7!
%∃∋∗&7!3∃(#∗! Ψ7−∗3,#7∗#%/#!∋#≅2,&∗#%/&∋!&7! 4∃∗3#/−%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7!(∃7! 97/&(∃7:!
7#∗!(−∋#/&∗#%/#!∋#4&−∋!7∃;∋#!∃7!72Ε#−/∃7!−%/#∋%∃7Ζ+
&∗
8!!!
97/&! &3&∋#%/#! 7#3&∋&ΝΦ∃:! &3#7&∋! (#! 1#∋(&(#−∋&:! (#1#! 7#∋:! 4∃%/2(∃:! &∗#%−Λ&(&8!
Α?−%&,:!∃! (−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!#! ∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!%Φ∃! 7Φ∃!∃∋(#%7!Ε2∋5(−4&7! &;7∃,2/&∗#%/#!
−7∃,&(&78!Α∗;&7! 7#! ∋#,&4−∃%&∗! #%/∋#! 7−! #! 4∃#ϑ−7/#∗! ∗2/2&∗#%/#8!97/#!4∃%151−∃!4∃≅#%/#!
−∗3,−4&:!3∃∋/&%/∃:!#∗!2∗!(#7#Ε∃!(#!∋#&,−Λ&ΝΦ∃!(#!2∗&!%&/2∋&,!4∃#∋7−7/
Β2#!(−Λ!∋#73#−/∃!Η!&/−1−(&(#!Ε2∋5(−4&:!Β2&%/∃!%∃!Β2#!/&%≅#!∃!4∃∗3∃∋/&∗#%/∃!(∃!97/&(∃!#∗!
&∗;&7!&7!#7?#∋&7
&!
8!!!
Γ&,! 3∋#4#−/∃! /#∗! 2∗&! 4∃%7#Β2./∀;&( 5&+∀−:! Β2#! 7#!
#,−∗−%#∗!&7!&%/−%∃∗−&7!∃2!4∃%/∋&(−ΝΟ#7!Β2#!3∃77&∗!#1#%/2&,∗#%/#!72∋≅−∋!%&!&3,−4&ΝΦ∃!(#!
%∃∋∗&7!∃∋−2%(&7! (#!2∗!7−7/#∗&! #∗! ∃2/∋∃
&∀
8!Υ#! ?&/∃:!#∗!∋#≅∋&:! ∃! ∋#,&4−∃%&∗#%/∃!#%/∋#!∃!
(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!(#1#! 7#∋!3&2/&(∃!3#,∃!%#4#77Π∋−∃!%#ϑ∃!2%−?∃∋∗#!#!
#7/Π1#,! #%/∋#! ∃7! (∃−7! ∗∃(#,∃7! %∃∋∗&/−1∃78! +∃∗∃! 7&,−#%/&! λ8+! (#! κ&≅&,ΙΦ#7χ! Ψ&7!
4∃%7/−/2−ΝΟ#7!(∃7!97/&(∃7:!∃∋≅&%−Λ&(∃∋&7!(&7!4∃∗2%−(&(#7!%&4−∃%&−7!#!,#−!723∋#∗&!(#!4&(&!
3&57:! %Φ∃! 3∃(#∗! #7/&∋! (−77∃4−&(&7! (∃7! 1&,∃∋#7! #! 3∋−%453−∃7! 4∃%7&≅∋&(∃7! %&! ∃∋(#∗!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,Ζ
8!Υ−1#∋7&7!4−∋42%7/Μ%4−&7!(#4∃∋∋#∗!(#!/&,!3∋∃3∃7−ΝΦ∃8!
!
%(
!8∋(=.#!)(!)∋∃.∋=Ηϑ∗!#=.+#!)∋+#∋.∗!∋=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!29:−∋;∗!#!)∋+#∋.∗!∋=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!2+∋3()∗1!)#3#Ξ∃#!∗:∃#+3(+!%!
=(! 2+#∃#=.#! ∗:+(! ;∗=3#=;∋∗=∗&Ξ∃#! &.∋−∋∴(+! ∗! .#+4∗! θ)∋+#∋.∗! ∋=.#+=(;∋∗=(−τ! ;∗4∗!+#Ο#+Ψ=;∋(! (∗! )∋+#∋.∗!
∋=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!29:−∋;∗7!!
%)
!Χ7!ΖΦ(ε1!Τ=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!](ε1!0∗3(!ν∗+ο1!/(4:+∋)Ι#!<=∋3#+∃∋.[!∀+#∃∃1!6γγι1!27!η6λ7!!
&∗
!/∗4:(;(&1!Ζ7!Ζ&+1!8+∗∋.!∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!2&:−∋;1!∀(+∋∃1!Χ∗=.;Φ+#∃.∋#=1!6γγσ1!27!ηκϖ7!
&!
!Υ7! /(42∗∃1! ]7! Ε∗)+∋Ι∴1! Ν7! )#! Ζ(=.(! Χ(+∋(1! /&+∃∗! )#! 8#+#;Φ∗! Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−1! Χ()+∋)1! Ζ7! ]7 ! /∋3∋.(∃!
Ω)∋;∋∗=#∃1!6γγι1!27!6ϕκ7!
&∀
!Υ7!αµ,+∋#=1!Τ=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!](ε1!0#ε2∗+.1!/(3#=)∋∃Φ!∀&:−∋∃Φ∋=Ι1!6γγ61!227!ηηηΞηη67!
!Υ7!/7! )#! Χ(Ι(−Φϑ#∃1!α!Ζ&2+#4∗! ≅+∋:&=(−! Γ#)#+(−!#! ∗! 8∋+#∋.∗! Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−π!&4(! Ν=Π−∋∃#! /+Σ.∋;(1! ∀∗+.∗!
Ν−#Ι+#1!]∋3+(+∋(!)∗!Ν)3∗Ι()∗1!6γγγ1!27!6γ7!!
1445(6789:7;8;!
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3(?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
Γ∃∗#=7#:! 3∃∋! #ϑ#∗3,∃:! ∃! ?∋#Β2#%/#! #∗3∋#≅∃:! 3#,∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%∃:! (#! 4∃%4#−/∃7!
∃∋−2%(∃7!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!#!1−4#=1#∋7&8!ς∋−%453−∃7!4∃∗∃!∃!(&!Ψ%Φ∃!−%/#∋1#%ΝΦ∃Ζ:!(&!
Ψ&2/∃(#/#∋∗−%&ΝΦ∃!(∃7!3∃1∃7Ζ!∃2!(&!Ψ4∃%4#77Φ∃!(#!&7−,∃!3∃,5/−4∃Ζ:!3∃∋!#ϑ#∗3,∃:!4∃%7/&%/#7!
(∃!&∋/−≅∃!αν!(∃!/#ϑ/∃!4∃%7/−/24−∃%&,!;∋&7−,#−∋∃
&∃
:!?&Λ#∗!∋#?#∋&∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!
97/#7!7#!Ψ4&∋&4/#∋−Λ&∗!3∃∋! #7/&;#,#4#∋!&! ?∃∋∗&!3#,&!Β2&,!∃!.∋&7−,! −∋Π!7#! 3∃∋/&∋!3#∋&%/#!&7!
(#∗&−7! %&ΝΟ#7! 7∃;#∋&%&7! #! ∋#≅2,&∗! &! 3∃,5/−4&! #ϑ/#∋%&! (∃! 3&57:! #ϑ3∋#77&%(∃! ∃7! 1&,∃∋#7!
723∋#∗∃7! (&! Ω#36;,−4&! ρ#(#∋&/−1&! (∃! .∋&7−,! Β2#! /∋&%74#%(#∗! ∃7! ,−∗−/#7! (∃! /#∋∋−/Χ∋−∃!
%&4−∃%&,Ζ
&%
8!!
Α!∗#7∗&!Ι&∋∗∃%−&!(#1#!7#∋!;274&(&!Β2&%(∃:!&∃!4∃%/∋Π∋−∃:!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!
∋#∗#/#!(#/#∋∗−%&(&!∃;∋−≅&ΝΦ∃!&∃!(∃∗5%−∃!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃8!Γ&,!?&/∃!3∃(#!7#∋!1#∋−?−4&(∃:!
3∃∋!#ϑ#∗3,∃:!%∃!4&7∃!(∃!&∋/−≅∃!µν:!3&∋Π≅∋&?∃!ν:!&,5%#&!Ψ&Ζ:!(&!+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃!(#!ϕ−#%&!7∃;∋#!
∃! Υ−∋#−/∃! (∃7! Γ∋&/&(∃7:! (#! ]φηφ:! Β2#! #7/&;#,#4#! Β2#! Ψ#∗! 1−∋/2(#! (#! 72&7! ?2%ΝΟ#7! #!
−%(#3#%(#%/#∗#%/#!(&!&3∋#7#%/&ΝΦ∃!(#!3,#%∃7!3∃(#∋#7:!7Φ∃!4∃%7−(#∋&(∃7!∋#3∋#7#%/&%/#7!(∃!
7#2! 97/&(∃:! ∃7! +Ι#?#7! (#! 97/&(∃:! ∃7! +Ι#?#7! (#! ε∃1#∋%∃! #! ∃7! κ−%−7/∋∃7! (&7! Ω#,&ΝΟ#7!
9ϑ/#∋−∃∋#7:!3&∋&!&!∋#&,−Λ&ΝΦ∃!(#!/∃(∃7!∃7!&/∃7!∋#,&/−1∃7!Η!4∃%4,27Φ∃!(#!2∗!/∋&/&(∃Ζ
&&
8!!
Α!4∃#∋
∃;7#∋1&(&!%&!∗#(−(&!#∗!Β2#!&∗;∃7!∃7!7−7/#∗&7!3∃(#∗!1−∋!&!3∋∃(2Λ−∋!%∃∋∗&7!(#!%&/2∋#Λ&!
4∃∗3,#∗#%/&∋:! Β2#! 7#! −%/#∋&≅#∗! (#! ?∃∋∗&! ∋#453∋∃4&
&∋
8! Α77−∗:! &! %∃∋∗&! −%/#∋%&:! 3∃∋!
#ϑ#∗3,∃:!3∃(#!3∋#1#∋!∃!3∋∃4#77∃!(#!−∗3,#∗#%/&ΝΦ∃!(&!%∃∋∗&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!−%/#≅∋&%(∃!7#2!
4∃%/#6(∃!#!&(#Β2&%(∃!&!72&!#?#/−1&ΝΦ∃8!+−/&%(∃!4&7∃!&%Π,∃≅∃:!%&!+&∋/&!Ω∃≅&/Χ∋−&!%ο!⊥µφ:!
∃!Θ23∋#∗∃!Γ∋−;2%&,!ρ#(#∋&,!;∋&7−,#−∋∃!3∃7−4−∃%∃2=7#!&4#∋4&!(∃!3∋∃4#(−∗#%/∃!Β2#!(#1#!7#∋:!
∃;∋−≅&/∃∋−&∗#%/#:!∃;7#∋1&(∃! 3&∋&!&! −%4∃∋3∃∋&ΝΦ∃! (#!/∋&/&(∃7! %∃! (−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃
&(
8!Α4#∋4&!
(&!∗&/∆∋−&:!∃!κ−%−7/∋∃!+#,7∃!(#!κ#,,∃:!&?−∋∗∃2!%&!ΑΥΚ!%ν!]α⊥_υΥρ!Β2#!&!#(−ΝΦ∃!(∃!(#4∋#/∃!
#ϑ#42/−1∃! #∗−/−(∃! 3#,∃! ς∋#7−(#%/#! (&! Ω#36;,−4&! %#7/&7! 4−∋42%7/Μ%4−&7! &4&∋∋#/&∋−&! /∋<7!
!
&∃
!θΝ+.∋Ι∗! ρζ7! Ν! Ε#29:−∋;(! Γ#)#+(.∋3(! )∗! ,+(∃∋−! +#Ι#Ξ∃#! =(∃! ∃&(∃! +#−(ΗΘ#∃! ∋=.#+=(;∋∗=(∋∃! 2#−∗∃! ∃#Ι&∋=.#∃!
2+∋=;Σ2∋∗∃π!Τ!Ξ!∋=)#2#=)Ψ=;∋(! =(;∋∗=(−ψ! ΤΤ! Ξ! 2+#3(−Ψ=;∋(! )∗∃! )∋+#∋.∗∃! Φ&4(=∗∃ψ! ΤΤΤ! Ξ! (&.∗)#.#+4∋=(Ηϑ∗! )∗∃!
2∗3∗∃ψ!Τ!!=ϑ∗!∋=.#+3#=Ηϑ∗ψ!!Ξ!∋Ι&(−)()#!#=.+#!∗∃!Ω∃.()∗∃ψ!Τ!Ξ!)#Ο#∃(! )(!2(∴ψ!ΤΤ!Ξ! ∃∗−&Ηϑ∗!2(;ΣΟ∋;(!)∗∃!
;∗=Ο−∋.∗∃ψ!ΤΤΤ! Ξ! +#29)∋∗!(∗!.#++∗+∋∃4∗! #! (∗!+(;∋∃4∗ψ!Τ?! Ξ! ;∗∗2#+(Ηϑ∗!#=.+#! ∗∃! 2∗3∗∃! 2(+(!∗!2+∗Ι+#∃∃∗! )(!
Φ&4(=∋)()#ψ!?!Ξ! ;∗=;#∃∃ϑ∗!)#! (∃∋−∗!2∗−Σ.∋;∗7!∀(+ΠΙ+(Ο∗!9=∋;∗7!Ν!Ε#29:−∋;(! Γ#)#+(.∋3(!)∗! ,+(∃∋−!:&∃;(+Π! (!
∋=.#Ι+(Ηϑ∗!#;∗=|4∋;(1!2∗−Σ.∋;(1!∃∗;∋(−!#!;&−.&+(−! )∗∃!2∗3∗∃!)(! Ν4>+∋;(!](.∋=(1!3∋∃(=)∗! β!Ο∗+4(Ηϑ∗!)#! &4(!
;∗4&=∋)()#!−(.∋=∗Ξ(4#+∋;(=(!)#!=(ΗΘ#∃τ7!/∗=∃.∋.&∋Ηϑ∗!)(!Ε#29:−∋;(!Γ#)#+(.∋3(!)∗!,+(∃∋−1!γϕ!)#!α&.&:+∗!)#!
ηϖλλ7!!
&%
!Τ7!]∗2#∴1!,+#3#∃!/∗=∃∋)#+(ΗΘ#∃!∃∗:+#!∗∃!∀+∋=;Σ2∋∗∃!/∗=∃.∋.&;∋∗=(∋∃!)(∃!Ε#−(ΗΘ#∃!Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(∋∃1!/∗=∃∋−∋&4!
Ξ!Ε#3∋∃.(!Ω−#.+|=∋;(!)#!8∋+#∋.∗1!=7ι1!37η1!Ρ(=χ(:+!)#!6γγϖ1!27!η7!!
&&
!/∗=3#=Ηϑ∗!)#!∋#=(!∃∗:+#!∗!8∋+#∋.∗!)∗∃!≅+(.()∗∃1!6ι!)#!4(∋∗!)#!ηϖσϖ1!Ν+.∋Ι∗κΛ6ΜΛ(Μ7!
&∋
!Χ7!ΖΦ(ε1!Τ=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!](ε1!0∗3(!ν∗+ο1!/(4:+∋)Ι#!<=∋3#+∃∋.[!∀+#∃∃1!6γγλ1!227!ηισΞηικ7!
&(
!Ζ&2+#4∗!≅+∋:&=(−!Γ#)#+(−1!/(+.(!Ε∗Ι(.δ+∋(!=ζ!λ6κϖ!ΝΙΕ1!Χ∋=∋∃.+∗!Ε#−(.∗+!/#−∃∗!)#!Χ#−−∗1!Ρ&−Ι(4#=.∗!)#!
ηκ!)#!Ρ&=Φ∗!)#!ηϖϖλ7!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗#+(∃,)−.)(∗#/.#/)(.)0∗#)%0.(%∃1)∗%∃−#
#
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3( ∀=(>?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
!%!
#?#−/∃7χ! ]Τ! &! 3∋∃∗2,≅&ΝΦ∃! (∃! /∋&/&(∃ϖ! Τ! &! 32;,−4&ΝΦ∃! ∃?−4−&,! (#! 7#2! /#ϑ/∃ϖ! #! βΤ! &!
#ϑ#42/∃∋−#(&(#!(∃!&/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:! Β2#! 3&77&:! #%/Φ∃:! &! 1−%42,&∋!#!∃;∋−≅&∋! %∃! 3,&%∃! (∃!
(−∋#−/∃!3∃7−/−1∃!−%/#∋%∃:!/&,!4∃∗∃!2∗&!,#−!∃∋(−%Π∋−&
&)
8!
9∗!&,≅2%7!4&7∃7!#ϑ4#34−∃%&−7:!&!4∃#∋
3∃∋!1−&! (#! (#3#%( %∃∋∗&/−1&8! [! ∃! 4&7∃:! 3∃∋! #ϑ#∗3,∃:! (&! #ϑ−7/ (#! 2∗&! %∃∋∗&!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3#∋∗−77−1&!Β2#!?&42,/&∋−&!&∃! 97/&(∃! &! 3∃77−;−,−(&(#! (#! ∋#≅2,&∋:! 3∃∋! 1−&! (∃!
(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃:! (#/#∋∗−%&(&! ∗&/∆∋−&8! Γ&,! 7−/2&ΝΦ∃:! 3∃24∃! ?∋#Β2#%/#:! 3∃(#!7#∋!∃;7#∋1&(&:!
/∃(&1−&:!4∃∗!∋#,&ΝΦ∃!Η7!%∃∋∗&7!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7!#∗!∗&/∆∋−&!(#!Υ−∋#−/∃!(∃!κ&∋8!!
Α77−∗:!∃!3∋∃,∃%≅&∗#%/∃!(∃!∗&∋!/#∋∋−/∃∋−&,!(∃7!97/&(∃7!1#−∃!&!7#∋!(#/#∋∗−%&(∃!3#,&!
+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃!(#!κ∃%/#≅∃!.&π!(#!]φ⊥8!Γ&,!+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃!4∃%7&≅∋∃2!?−%&,∗#%/#!&!∋#≅∋&!∋#,&/−1&!
Η7!(∃Λ#! ∗−,Ι&7! %Π2/−4&7:! 4#∋4&!(#!! Β2−,>∗#/∋∃7:! (#?−%−%(∃=&! 4∃∗∃!2∗&!Λ∃%&!∗&∋5/−∗&!
4∃%/5≅2&! &∃! /#∋∋−/Χ∋−∃! (∃! 97/&(∃! 4∃7/#−∋∃8! 97/&! (#,−;#∋&ΝΦ∃:! 4∃%/2(∃:! ∆! ;&7−4&∗#%/#!
−%(−4&/−1&!(∃!,−∗−/#!∗Πϑ−∗∃!#!%Φ∃!(∃!,−∗−/#!(#1−(∃!#∗!/∃(∃7!∃7!4&7∃78!+∃∗∃!−%(−4&!∃!&∋/−≅∃!
βν! (&! ∋#?#∋−(&! +∃%1#%ΝΦ∃χ! !/∃(∃! ∃! 97/&(∃! /#∗! ∃! (−∋#−/∃! (#! ?−ϑ&∋! &! ,&∋≅2∋&! (∃! 7#2! ∗&∋!
/#∋∋−/∃∋−&,!&/∆!2∗!,−∗−/#!Β2#!%Φ∃!2,/∋&3&77#!]!∗−,Ι&7!∗&∋5/−∗&7:!∗#(−(&7!&!3&∋/−∋!(#!,−%Ι&7!
(#! ;&7#! (#/#∋∗−%&(&7! #∗! 4∃%?∃∋∗−(&(#! 4∃∗! &! 3∋#7#%/#! +∃%1#%ΝΦ∃Ζ
∋∗
8! Α! +∃∋/#!
Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!(#!λ27/−Ν&!7#!∗&%−?#7/∃2!7∃;∋#!&!∗&/∆∋−&!%&7!#ϑ4#ΝΟ#7! 3∋#,−∗−%&∋#7!(∃!4&7∃!
(&!2−9∀;∀ Ι&/Ν 3∗( Ε+−&3∗(Ο3∋∀+∗(#%/∋#!Θ∃∗Π,−&! #! σ2 ∃4&7−Φ∃!#∗!Β2#!&7!
3&∋/#7! &3∋#7#%/&1&∗! 1−7Ο#7! 4∃%?,−/&%/#7! &4#∋4&! (&! (#,−∗−/&ΝΦ∃! (#! 72&7! 3,&/&?∃∋∗&7!
4∃%/−%#%/&−7:! &! 3&∋/−∋! (∃! (−73∃7/∃! %∃! &∋/−≅∃! µη:! 3&∋Π≅∋&?∃! ⊥ν:! (#77&! +∃%1#%ΝΦ∃:! #! %∃!
κ#∗∃∋&%(∃!(#!#%/#%(−∗#%/∃!4∃%4,25(∃! #%/∋#!∃7!(∃−7! 97/&(∃7!&4#∋4&!(#77#!(−73∃7−/−1∃
∋!
8!
+∃%7#Β2#%/#∗#%/#:! ∃7! 97/&(∃7! #7/&∋−&∗! &2/∃∋−Λ&(∃7:! 3∃∋! 1−&! (∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%∃:! &!
4∃∗3,#∗#%/&∋!∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! #!#7/−32,&∋!&!#ϑ/#%7Φ∃! (#! 7#2! ∗&∋! /#∋∋−/∃∋−&,:!(#7(#!
Β2#!#7/#!%Φ∃!2,/∋&3&77&77#!/&,!,−∗−/#!3∋#1−7/∃!%&!+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃8!!
+∃%/2(∃:!∃4∃∋∋#! Β2#:!#∗;∃∋&!&! 4∃#∋ 7−7/#%/∋#!&7! %∃∋∗&7! ∃∋−2%(&7!(&7!
∃∋(#%7! (∃∗∆7/−4&7! #! 4∃%7/−/24−∃%&−7! #! &Β2#,&7! 3∋∃1#%−#%/#7! (∃! 7−7/#∗&! Ε2∋5(−4∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!7#Ε&:!(#!?&/∃:!&!∋#≅∋&:!−7/∃!%Φ∃!7−≅%−?−4&!%#4#77&∋−&∗#%/#!Β2#!(#1&!#ϑ−7/−∋!2∗&!
∃;∋−≅&/∃∋−#(&(#! (∃! %#ϑ∃! %∃∋∗&/−1∃8! ς∃(#! &4∃%/#4#∋! 2∗&! (#7&∋∗∃%−&! #1#%/2&,:! ∃2! 2∗!
7−∗3,#7!4∃%?,−/∃!%∃∋∗&/−1∃!%&!&3,−4&ΝΦ∃!(#!2∗&!%∃∋∗&!∃∋−≅−%Π∋−&!(#!2∗!7−7/#∗&!#∗!∃2/∋∃8!
!
&)
!Ζ&2+#4∗!≅+∋:&=(−!Γ#)#+(−1!Ν8Τ!ηρλγχ8Γ!ΛΧ#)∋)(!/(&.#−(+Μ1!Χ∋=∋∃.+∗!Ε#−(.∗+!/#−∃∗!)#!Χ#−−∗1!Ρ&−Ι(4#=.∗!
)#!γλ!)#!(Ι∗∃.∗!)#!6γγη7!
∋∗
!/∗=3#=Ηϑ∗!)(∃!0(ΗΘ#∃!<=∋)(∃!∃∗:+#!∗!8∋+#∋.∗!)∗!Χ(+!Λ/∗=3#=Ηϑ∗!)#!Χ∗=.#Ι∗!,([Μ1!ηγ!)#!)#∴#4:+∗!)#!
ηϖλ67!≅(−!/∗=3#=Ηϑ∗!#=.+∗&!#4!3∋Ι∗+!=∗!,+(∃∋−!#4! ησ!)#!=∗3#4:+∗! )#!ηϖϖρ1!(.+(3>∃! )∗!8#;+#.∗!=ζ! η7ϕιγ1!
)#!66!)#!Ρ&=Φ∗!)#!ηϖϖϕ7!
∋!
!8#−∋4∋.(Ηϑ∗!Χ(+Σ.∋4(!=∗!α;#(=∗!=)∋;∗!ΛΖ∗4Π−∋(!37!5&Ψ=∋(Μ1!γ6!)#!Ο#3#+#∋+∗!)#!6γηκ1!/ΤΥ!Ε#;7!6γηκ7!!
1445(6789:7;8;!
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3(?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
97/&!4∃%/∋&(−ΝΦ∃! %∃∋∗&/−1&! −∗3,−4&:! 4#∋/&∗#%/#:! #∗! 3∋∃?2%(&7!(−?−42,(&(#7!%∃!∗∃(∃! (#!
∋#,&4−∃%&∗#%/∃!#%/∋#!∃7!(∃−7!∗∃(#,∃7!Ε2∋5(−4∃78!!!
Α!∋#73∃7/&!&!/&,!(#7&∋∗∃%−&!3∃(#! 7#∋!#%4∃%/∋&(&!%∃7!3∋−%453−∃7!(&! ?#%∃∗#%∃,∃≅−&!
Β2#!/∋&/&∗!(&!∋#?,#ϑΦ∃!(∃!?#%>∗#%∃!Β2#!7#!∗∃7/∋&!3&∋&!%Χ7:!%&!∋#,&ΝΦ∃!Β2#!#7/&;#,#4#∗∃7!
4∃∗!∃7! ∃2/∋∃7
∋∀
8!9∗! ∃2/∋&7! 3&,&1∋&7:!&!∋#&,−(&(#! (#3#%(#! (&! 3#∋73#4/−1&!(∃!∃;7#∋1&(∃∋8!
Α?−%&,:!&! ∋#,&ΝΦ∃! #%/∋#! Α! #! .! %Φ∃! ∆! 1−7/&! (&! ∗#7∗&! ?∃∋∗&! 3∃∋! .! #! 3∃∋! Α! #!%#∗!≅#∋&∋Π!
4∃%7#Β22∗!∃2!3&∋&!∃2/∋∃8!Θ∃;!#7/#!3∃%/∃!(#!1−7/&:!4∃∗3∋##%(#=7#!Β2#!
&! &3,−4&ΝΦ∃! (∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! %∃! (∃∗5%−∃! (∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%∃! (#! 2∗! (#/#∋∗−%&(∃!
97/&(∃!/#∋Π!#?#−/∃7!#!3∋∃1∃4&∋Π!4∃%7#Β2(−7/−%/&7!(&!#Β2&ΝΦ∃!∋#,&/−1&!Η!&3,−4&ΝΦ∃!(∃!
(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!%∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!Ρ!∋#,&4−∃%&∗#%/∃!#%/∋#!&∗;&7!&7!∃∋(#%7!%∃∋∗&/−1&7!
(#1#!7#∋:!3∃∋/&%/∃:!&1&,−&(∃!&!3&∋/−∋!(#7/#!(23,∃!∃,Ι&∋8!
Α77−∗:!%&!3#∋73#4/−1&!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!&!Β2#7/Φ∃!7#!∋#72∗#!Η!(#/#∋∗−%&ΝΦ∃!
(&7!4∃%(−ΝΟ#7!(#!&3,−4&ΝΦ∃!#!&!&;∋&%≅(∃7!−∗3&4/∃7!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!#∗!7#2!(∃∗5%−∃8!
ς∃(#∗!&7!Ε2∋−7(−ΝΟ#7!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7!−%/#∋3∋#/&∋!∃!(−∋#−/∃!(∃∗∆7/−4∃!&!3&∋/−∋!(#!72&!3∋Χ3∋−&!
Χ/−4&τ! ς∃(#! ∃! (−∋#−/∃! (∃∗∆7/−4∃! (#! 2∗! (#/#∋∗−%&(∃! 97/&(∃! 7#∋! 4∃%7−(#∋&(∃! 4∃∗∃! ?&/∃!
≅#∋&(∃∋!(#!∋#73∃%7&;−,−(&(#!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,τ!9∗!∃2/∋&7!3&,&1∋&7:!∃! (−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!3∃(#!7#∋!
&3,−4&(∃!(−∋#/&∗#%/#!%&!#7?#∋&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,τ!Α?−%&,:!7#!#7/&!3∃77−;−,−(&(#!#ϑ−7/#:!Β2&,!7#∋−&!
&! 72&! 3∃7−ΝΦ∃! Ι−#∋Π∋Β2−4&! 4∃∗! ∋#,&ΝΦ∃! Η! %∃∋∗&! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,τ! ς∃(#! ∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%∃!
∗∃(−?−4&∋! ∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:! &≅−∋! (#! ?∃∋∗&! &! ∋#(2Λ−∋! 72&! &3,−4&ΝΦ∃! ∃2! /∃∋%&∋!
−%#ϑ#Β251#,!&!#ϑ/#%7Φ∃!(#!72&!&2/∃∋−(&(#!%∃!2%−1#∋7∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,τ!Α7!∋#73∃7/&7!&!/∃(&7!
#7/&7!−%(&≅&ΝΟ#7!(#1#∗!7#∋!;274&(&7!%∃!3∋Χ3∋−∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!Β2#!#7/&;#,#4#!7#2!
&,4&%4#!#!∃7!,−∗−/#7!(#!72&!∃;#(−
ω!,2Λ!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃:!/∃(&1−&:!&!Β2#7/Φ∃!/∃∗&!2∗&!%∃1&!(−%Μ∗−4&8!)Φ∃!4&;#!&∃!
(−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 3∋#74∋#1#∋! &! 72&! ?∃∋∗&! (#! &3,−4&ΝΦ∃! ∃2! (#! #ϑ#42ΝΦ∃! %&! #7?#∋&!
(∃∗∆7/−4&! (#! 2∗! (#/#∋∗−%&(∃! 97/&(∃8! 97/&! ∆! 2∗&! ?2%ΝΦ∃! 32∋&∗#%/#! 4∃%7/−/24−∃%&,8! Ρ!
3∋∃;,#∗&:! #%/Φ∃:! ?∋&≅∗#%/&=7#! %&! ∗#(−(&! #∗! Β2#! 4&(&! ∃∋(#∗! %∃∋∗&/−1&! −%/#∋%&! (#1#:!
7#≅2%(∃!&7!#73#4−?−4−(&(#7!(#!72&!%&/2∋#Λ&!4∃%7/−/24−∃%&,:!(#4−(−∋!4∃∗∃!#7/#!&4∃,Ι#∋Π! &!
%∃∋∗&!3∋∃(2Λ−(&!%∃!(∃∗5%−∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!9∗! ∃2/∋&7!3&,&1∋&7:!∃!&,4&%4#!#!&!#?#/−1−(&(#!
(&! %∃∋∗&! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! %&! #7?#∋&! (∃∗∆7/−4&! (#1#! 7#∋! 3∋#74∋−/∃! 3∃∋! 2∗&! 3,2∋&,−(&(#! (#!
!
∋∀
!α∃!2+∋=;Σ2∋∗∃!:Π∃∋;∗∃! )(!Ο#=∗4#=∗−∗Ι∋(!Ο∗+(4!#−(:∗+()∗∃!2#−∗!4(.#4Π.∋;∗!#!Ο∋−δ∃∗Ο∗! (−#4ϑ∗!Ω7!ς&∃∃#+−1!
%!3∋3#&!)#!ηλϕϖ!(!ηϖιλ!#!.#4!;∗4∗!∋)#∋(!;#=.+(−!(!∋42∗+.υ=;∋(!)(!;∗=∃;∋Ψ=;∋(!2(+(!(!(2+##=∃ϑ∗!)(!θ#∃∃Ψ=;∋(!
)(∃! ;∗∋∃(∃τ1! ∗&! ∃#Ρ(1! +#∃∃(−.(! %! (∃! ∋)#∋(∃! ∃#42+#! #∃.ϑ∗! ;∗=#;.()(∃! ;∗4! (! #Β∋∃.Ψ=;∋(1! (.+∋:&∋=)∗Ξ−Φ#!
∃∋Ι=∋Ο∋;()∗∃7!Φ..2∃πχχ2.7ε∋ο∋2#)∋(7∗+Ιχε∋ο∋χΓ#=∗4#=∗−∗Ι∋(7!!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗#+(∃,)−.)(∗#/.#/)(.)0∗#)%0.(%∃1)∗%∃−#
#
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3( ∀=(>?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
&!!
(−∋#−/∃7!(∃∗∆7/−4∃7:! 4&;#%(∃! &! 4&(&! 2∗!(#,#7! (#/#∋∗−%&∋! &7! 4∃%(−ΝΟ#7! (#!&3,−4&ΝΦ∃! (∃!
(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!Σ;Τ8!!
!
=#2#∃#:#344:7=?#;#:#3464Χ=#3:#
344:7=?#
!
Α!∋#,&ΝΦ∃!#%/∋#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃:!%&!3#∋73#4/−1&!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!3&∋/#!(#!2∗!3∋−%453−∃!#,#∗#%/&∋8!Α!%∃∋∗&!(∃∗∆7/−4&!7#∋Π!4∃%7−(#∋&(&!3#,∃!
(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!%∃!7#2!4&∗3∃!(#!&3,−4&ΝΦ∃:!4∃∗∃!7−∗3,#7!?&/∃:!(#73∋∃1−(∃!(#!1&,∃∋!
Ε2∋5(−4∃8!9∗!∃2/∋&7!3&,&1∋&7:!#,&!(#1#!7#∋!1−7/&!4∃∗∃!#ϑ−7/#%/#:!∗&7!7#∗!?∃∋Ν&!%∃∋∗&/−1&!#!
1−%42,&%/#! Ε2%/∃! &! #7?#∋&! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8! )#7/&7! 4−∋42%7/Μ%4−&7:! &! 3∋−∗&Λ−&! (∃! (−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! %Φ∃! 3∃(#! 7#∋! 4∃%/#7/&(&! ΣΚΤ8! κ&7! /&,! 3∋−%453−∃:! #∗;∃∋&! ;#∗! #7/&;#,#4−(∃:!
4∃∗3∃∋/&!−%6∗#∋&7!4∃%7#Β2
!
Γ#Σ#∃#≅<4∆=Φ4=#3:#344:7=?#Χ45ΣΤΣΧ45#3:#34!
#
Ρ!4∃%?,−/∃!%∃∋∗&/−1∃:!≅#∋&(∃!&!3&∋/−∋!(&!#1#%/2&,!&3,−4&ΝΦ∃!(#!2∗&!%∃∋∗&!(#!(−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%∃! %∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:! #%4∃%/∋&! %&! Ε2∋−73∋2(
4∃%/2%(#%/#!∋#?#∋#%/#!Η!3∋−∗&Λ−&! (∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 7∃;∋#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃8!9∗! 72&!
∃3−%−Φ∃!4∃%72,/−1&!7∃;∋#!&!Β.9∀+&∆∀9∀∋&∋−(∋&(Ε∆/∀Α&01∗(∋−(Β/∆∀&/(#−Α≅3∋∗(&(4−01∗(ΠΘ(
∋∗(Β+∗/∋∗(∋−(4−∋−(∋(6&07−#(83∀∋(∋−(ΠΡ(∋−(Μ≅3)∗(∋−(ΘΣΤΥ:!&!+∃∋/#!Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!(#!
λ27/−Ν&!?∃−!7∃,−4−/&(&!3#,&!Α77#∗;,#−&!ε#∋&,!(&!Ρ)Ξ!&!∋#73∃%(#∋!7∃;∋#!&!Β2#7/Φ∃!(#!7&;#∋!
7#!∃7!97/&(∃7!Ξ%−(∃7!(&!Α∗∆∋−4&:!7#%(∃!3&∋/#! (∃!&4∃∋(∃!;−,&/#∋&,!4∃%4,25(∃!4∃∗!&!Ρ)Ξ!
&4#∋4&!(&! ∃3#∋&ΝΦ∃! (#! 72&! 7#(#:!#7/&∋−&∗! ∃;∋−≅&(∃7! &∃! 3∋∃4#(−∗#%/∃! &∋;−/∋&,!&4#∋4&! (&!
−%/#∋3∋#/&ΝΦ∃!#!&3,−4&ΝΦ∃!(∃!&4∃∋(∃:!4∃∗∃!3∋#1−7/∃!#∗!72&!7#ΝΦ∃!]8!)∃!4&7∃!&3∋#7#%/&(∃:!
&7!3&∋/#7!(−1#∋≅−&∗! &4#∋4&!(&! 3∋#7#%Ν&!(&!Ρ∋≅&%−Λ&ΝΦ∃!3&∋&!&!∀−;#∋/&ΝΦ∃!(&!ς&,#7/−%&!%&!
Α77#∗;,#−&!ε#∋&,! 4∃∗∃!∃;7#∋1&(∃∋!4∃%1−(&(∃! 3#,&!Ρ)Ξ:!/#%(∃! 7−(∃! /&,!4∃%1−/#!%#≅&(∃!
3#,∃7! 97/&(∃7! Ξ%−(∃7! &/∋&1∆7! (#! ,#−! −%/#∋%&! #(−/&(&! 3#,∃! Θ#%&(∃! &∗#∋−4&%∃8! Α77−∗:!
4∃%7/&/&(∃! Β2#! Β2#! ∃7! 97/&(∃7! Ξ%−(∃7! #7/&1&∗! 1−%42,&(∃7! 3#,&! ∃;∋−≅&ΝΦ∃! 4∃%/−(&! %∃!
(−73∃7−/−1∃!#∗! Β2#7/Φ∃:! &!+Κλ!#1∃4∃2!∃! 3∋−%453−∃! (&!723∋#∗&4−&!(∃!(−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!
7∃;∋#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃
∋#
8!!
!
19Χ∆1Ε∋/?1ΦΓΗΗ31:?1Ιϑ?1!
1445(6789:7;8;!
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3(?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
! Ρ! ∗#7∗∃! 3∋−%453−∃! ΕΠ! Ι&1−&! 7−(∃! 4∃%7&≅∋&(∃! %∃! 3,&%∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! &/∋&1∆7! (&!
7#%/#%Ν&!&∋;−/∋&,!(#!]α!(#!7#/#∗;∋∃!(#!]⊥µ:!%∃!4&7∃!(&7!,−+9&;&07−#(∋∗(Β9&∆&;&:!#%/∋#!
∃7! 97/&(∃7! Ξ%−(∃7! #! ∃! Ω#−%∃! Ξ%−(∃
∋∃
8! )#7/#! 4&7∃! Ψ∃7! 97/&(∃7! Ξ%−(∃7! 7∃,−4−/&1&∗!
−%(#%−Λ&ΝΟ#7! &∃! Ω#−%∃! Ξ%−(∃! Β2#:! &∃! 3∋#7/&∋! &3∃−∃! &∃! 3∃(#∋−∃! %&1&,! (&7! ?∃∋Ν&7!
4∃%?#(#∋&(&7:!Β2#! 7#! 2/−,−Λ&∋&∗! (#! %&1−∃7! (#! ≅2#∋∋&! ?&;∋−4&(∃7! #∗!#7/&,#−∋∃7!;∋−/Μ%−4∃7:!
/#∋−&!1−∃,&(∃!72&7!∃;∋−≅&ΝΟ#7!4∃∗∃!97/&(∃!%#2/∋∃!(2∋&%/#!&!ε2#∋∋&!+−1−,!%∃∋/#=&∗#∋−4&%&!
Σ]⊥η]=]⊥ηγΤ8!Υ−&%/#!(&7!4−∋42%7/Μ%4−&7!&3∋#7#%/&(&7:!∃!3&−%#,!&∋;−/∋&,!4∃%4,2−!Β2#!∃!Ω#−%∃!
Ξ%−(∃!%Φ∃!3∃(#∋−&!−%1∃4&∋!&!&27%∃!7#2!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!4∃∗∃!&∋≅2∗#%/∃!
3&∋&!7#!(#?#%(#∋!(&!1−∃,&ΝΦ∃!(#!/&−7!∃;∋−≅&ΝΟ#7Ζ+
∋%
8!
! Ρ!4&7∃!(&7!Φ∗;≅3∀∋&∋−#(ς/−Α∗∃ΩΞ9Α&/!(#!]φβ_!,#1&%/&!2∗&!Β2#7/Φ∃!7#∗#,Ι&%/#8!
Γ∋&/&%(∃=7#!(&!∋#≅2,&ΝΦ∃!(∃!/∋Π?#≅∃!(#!3#77∃&7!#%/∋#!∃7!(∃−7!97/&(∃7:!&!+∃∋/#!ς#∋∗&%#%/#!
(#!λ27/−Ν&! Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!#7/&;#,#4#2!Β2#:! #∗! ∋#,&ΝΦ∃!Η!(−77∃,2ΝΦ∃! (#! 4∃∗2%−(&(#7!#:!#∗!
≅#∋&,:! &∃! #ϑ#∋454−∃! (∃! (−∋#−/∃! (#! #∗−≅∋&ΝΦ∃:! ∃7! (−73∃7−/−1∃7! (&! +∃%1#%ΝΦ∃! (#! ]φ]φ!
4∃%4,25(&!#%/∋#!&!ε∋∆4−&!#!&!.2,≅Π∋−&!(#1#∋−&∗!3∋#1&,#4#∋!7∃;∋#! &7! ,#−7! #! ∋#≅2,&∗#%/∃7!
−%/#∋%∃7! 4∃%?,−/&%/#78! )#77#! 7#%/−(∃:! &! +ςλΚ! 4∃%7−(#∋∃2! 7#∋! Ψ2∗! 3∋−%453−∃! (#! (−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!≅#∋&,∗#%/#!∋#4∃%Ι#4−(∃!∃!(#! Β2#:! %&7! ∋#,&ΝΟ#7! #%/∋#! &7! ς∃/ Β2#! 7Φ∃!
ς&∋/#7!4∃%/∋&/&%/#7!(#!2∗!/∋&/&(∃:!&7!(−73∃7−ΝΟ#7!(#!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!%Φ∃!(#1#∗!3∋#1&,#4#∋!
7∃;∋#!&Β2#,&7!(∃!/∋&/&(∃Ζ
∋&
8!
Α!723#∋−∃∋−(&(#! (∃! 7−7/#∗&! %∃∋∗&/−1∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:! (−&%/#! (&! &3,−4&ΝΦ∃! (#! 2∗&!
%∃∋∗&! (#! ∃∋−≅#∗! (∃∗∆7/−4&! #∗! 7#27! (∃∗5%−∃7:! ∆! −≅2&,∗#%/#! ∋#4∃%Ι#4−(&! (#! ∗&%#−∋&!
−%4∃%/#7/Π1#,!/&∗;∆∗!3#,∃!(−∋#−/∃!4∃%1#%4−∃%&,8!Υ∃−7!(−73∃7−/−1∃7!∋#?,#/#∗! /&,!∋#&,−(&(#8!
9∗! 3∋−∗#−∋∃! ,2≅&∋:! &! Υ#4,&∋&ΝΦ∃! (#! Υ−∋#−/∃7! #! Υ#1#∋#7! (∃7! 97/&(∃7:! #,&;∃∋&(&! 3#,&!
+∃∗−77Φ∃!(#!Υ−∋#−/∃!Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!(&7!)&ΝΟ#7!Ξ%−(&7!∋#4#34−∃%∃2!∃!&∋/−≅∃!]β:!7#≅2%(∃!∃!
Β2&,!Ψ/∃(∃!97/&(∃! /#∗! ∃! (#1#∋! (#! 42∗3∋−∋! (#!;∃&=?∆!&7! 72&7! ∃;∋−≅&ΝΟ#7! (#4∃∋∋#%/#7! (#!
/∋&/&(∃7!#!(#!∃2/∋&7!?∃%/#7!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!%Φ∃!3∃(#%(∃!−%1∃4&∋!&7!(−73∃7−ΝΟ#7!#∗!
72&!+∃%7/−/2−ΝΦ∃!∃2!#∗!72&7!,#−7!4∃∗∃!2∗&!#7427&!3&∋&!∃!(#742∗3∋−∗#%/∃!(#7/#!(#1#∋Ζ
∋∋
8!
Ρ!∗#7∗∃!3∋−%453−∃!,Χ≅−4∃!3∃(#!7#∋!−≅2&,∗#%/#!#%4∃%/∋&(∃!%∃!&∋/−≅∃!µ!(&!+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃!(#!
ϕ−#%&!7∃;∋#!∃!Υ−∋#−/∃!(∃7!Γ∋&/&(∃7:!(#!]φηφ8!!Υ#!?&/∃:!7#≅2%(∃!/&,!(−73∃7−/−1∃!%∃∋∗&/−1∃:!
!
∋∃
!ΕΤΝΝ!∗−7!??Τ?1!227!η6ϕΞηιρ7!
∋%
!Υ7!αµ,+∋#=1!Τ=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!](ε1!0#ε2∗+.1!/(3#=)∋∃Φ!∀&:−∋∃Φ∋=Ι1!6γγ61!27!ηη67!
∋&
!/∀ΥΤ!Ζ>+∋#!,1!ιη!)#!Ρ&−Φ∗!)#!ηϖιγ1!=ζ!ηκ1!27!ι67!!
∋∋
!/∗4∋∃∃ϑ∗!)#!8∋+#∋.∗!Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−1!∀+∗Ρ#.∗!)#!8#;−(+(Ηϑ∗!)#!8∋+#∋.∗∃!#!8#3#+#∃!)∗∃!Ω∃.()∗∃!Λ<0ΚΝ!Ε#∃7!
ικϕΛΤΜΜ1!σ!)#!)#∴#4:+∗!)#!ηϖρϖ1!(+.∋Ι∗!ηι7!!!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗#+(∃,)−.)(∗#/.#/)(.)0∗#)%0.(%∃1)∗%∃−#
#
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3( ∀=(>?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
&∀!
θ2∗&!3&∋/#! %Φ∃! 3∃(#! −%1∃4&∋! &7!(−73∃7−ΝΟ#7! (#! 7#2! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%∃!3&∋&! Ε27/−?−4&∋! &! %Φ∃!
#ϑ#42ΝΦ∃!(#!2∗!/∋&/&(∃Ζ
∋(
8!!
! +−#%/#!(&! 3∋−∗&Λ−&! (∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 7∃;∋#! ∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃! %&! 3#∋73#4/−1&!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!4∃,∃4&=7#!&!Β2#7/Φ∃!(#!7&;#∋!7#!/&,!3∋−∗&Λ−&!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!∃3#∋&!(#!
?∃∋∗&!2%−?∃∋∗#!7∃;!∃!4∃%Ε2%/∃!%∃∋∗&/−1∃!−%/#∋%∃:!7#Ε&!#,#!(#4∃∋∋#%/#!(#!%∃∋∗&!(#!%&/2∋#Λ&!
4∃%7/−/24−∃%&,!ΣΚΤ:!∃2!4∃∗3,#∗#%/&∋:!∃∋(−%Π∋−&!∃2!Ε2∋−7(−4−∃%&,!ΣΚΚΤ8!
!
)#Σ#∃#≅<4∆=Φ4=#3:#34476;<7=>4:7=?#34=76;#3;#Ε∆=#7:3;#
7=6Ε:75646Ε>4:7=?!
(
)&!#7?#∋&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!(#1#!3∋#1&,#4#∋!&−%(&!Β2#!&!%∃∋∗&!
4∃%/∋Π∋−&! &! #,#! 7#Ε&! (#! %&/2∋#Λ&! 4∃%7/−/24−∃%&,8! Α! Ε2∋−73∋2(
∗&/∆∋−&!(#!∗&%#−∋&!−%4∃%/#7/#8!)∃!+&7∃!(&7!,−+9&;&07−#(∋∗(Β9&∆&;&!1−7/∃!&%/#∋−∃∋∗#%/#:!
∃! Γ∋−;2%&,! Α∋;−/∋&,! 4∃%7−(#∋∃2! Β2#! ∃! &∋≅2∗#%/∃! 7#≅2%(∃! ∃! Β2&,! ∃! Ω#−%∃! Ξ%−(∃! %Φ∃!
(−732%Ι&!(#!(−73∃7−/−1∃7!4∃%7/−/24−∃%&−7!3&∋&! −∗3#(−∋! Β2#! ∃7! %&1−∃7! 3∋∃(2Λ−(∃7! #∗! 7#2!
/#∋∋−/Χ∋−∃!?∃77#∗!2/−,−Λ&(∃7!%∃!4∃%?,−/∃!%Φ∃!#∋&!2∗&!#7427&!1Π,−(&!3&∋&!∃!(#742∗3∋−∗#%/∃!
(&!∃;∋−≅&ΝΦ∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!(#!%#2/∋&,−(&(#
∋)
8!!
Ρ!4&7∃!Ι∗3!(#!]⊥µγ:!Β2#!∃32%Ι&!&!+∃,>∗;−&!&∃7!97/&(∃7!Ξ%−(∃7!(&!Α∗∆∋−4&:!
&3∋#7#%/&! 3∋∃;,#∗Π/−4&! 7#∗#,Ι&%/#8! )&Β2#,&! ∃4&7−Φ∃:! &! +∃,>∗;−&! &,#≅&1&! Β2#! 72&7!
(−73∃7−ΝΟ#7! 4∃%7/−/24−∃%&−7! &! −∗3#(−&∗! (#! 42∗3∋−∋! 2∗! /∋&/&(∃! ∋#≅2,&∋∗#%/#! 4∃%4,25(∃!
#%/∋#!∃7!(∃−7!97/&(∃7
(∗
8!Α!(#4−7Φ∃!&∋;−/∋&,!(#/#∋∗−%∃2!Β2#!∃!/∋&/&(∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!(#1#∋−&!
3∋#1&,#4#∋!7∃;∋#!&!,#≅−7,&ΝΦ∃! 4∃,∃∗;−&%&!#! Β2#!/&,!&∋≅2∗#%/∃! %Φ∃!4∃%7/−/25&! Ε27/−?−4&/−1&!
1Π,−(&!3&∋&!7#2!(#742∗3∋−∗#%/∃
(!
8!
! Γ#∗&!7#∗#,Ι&%/#! ?∃−! ,#1&(∃! Η!+∃∋/#!ς#∋∗&%#%/#!(#! λ27/−Ν&! Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:! Β2#! 7#!
3∃7−4−∃%∃2!−≅2&,∗#%/#!&4#∋4&!(&!≅&∋&%/−&!(&!3∋−∗&Λ−&!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!%&!#7?#∋&!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:! ∗#7∗∃! (−&%/#! (#! %∃∋∗&! 4∃%7/−/24−∃%&,! 4∃%/∋Π∋−&8! Α! Β2#7/Φ∃! 72∋≅−2!
−%−4−&,∗#%/#!%∃!4&7∃!∋#,&/−1∃!&∃!Ζ/&Ε≅([−##∗(∋−(
Ε/∀Α−;(∗≅( =Ν3Α≅&([∗9∗3−#&(3∗( Ζ−//∀<>/∀∗(∋−(2&3∴∀Α:!(#! ]φβ8!)&Β2#,&!∃4&7−Φ∃:! &! +ςλΚ!
/#1#!Β2#!,−(&∋!4∃∗! &!,#≅&,−(&(#! (&!&3,−4&ΝΦ∃!(&! +∃%7/−/2−ΝΦ∃!(&! +−(&(#!∀−1∋#!(#! Υ&%Λ−≅!
!
∋(
!/∗=3#=Ηϑ∗!)#!∋#=(!∃∗:+#!8∋+#∋.∗!)∗∃!≅+(.()∗∃1!6ι!)#!4(∋∗!)#!ηϖσϖ1!(+.∋Ι∗!6κ7!
∋)
!Ε#;−(4(ΗΘ#∃!)∗!Ν−(:(4(!ΛΩ∃.()∗∃!<=∋)∗∃!)(!Ν4>+∋;(!37!Ε#∋=∗!<=∋)∗!)(!Κ+ϑΞ,+#.(=Φ(Μ1!ηρ!)#!∃#.#4:+∗!
)#!ηλκ61!ΕΤΝΝ!∗−7!??Τ?1!227!η6ϕΞηιρ7!!
(∗
!87!/(++#(&1!Γ7!Χ(++#−−(1!8+∗∋.!∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(−1!ηηω!#)1!∀(+∋∃1!∀#)∗=#1!6γη67!
(!
!Υ7!αµ,+∋#=1!Τ=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!](ε1!]∗=)+#∃1!/(3#=)∋∃Φ!∀&:−∋∃Φ∋=Ι!]∋4∋.#)1!6γγ61!27!ηηι7!
1445(6789:7;8;!
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3(?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
&∃7!3∃,∃%#7#7!Β2#!&,−! ∋#7−(−&∗
(∀
8!Γ∋&/&1&=7#!(#!(#/#∋∗−%&∋! 7#!&! %∃1&!+∃%7/−/2−ΝΦ∃!−∋−&! 7#!
−∗3∃∋!Η7!∋#≅∋&7!4∃%1#%4−∃%&−7!ΕΠ!#ϑ−7/#%/#78!Α!+∃∋/#!(#/#∋∗−%∃2!Β2#!/&,!+∃%7/−/2−ΝΦ∃!%Φ∃!
3∃(#∋−&! &?&7/&∋! &! &3,−4&ΝΦ∃! (∃! ∋#≅−∗#! 4∃%1#%4−∃%&,! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! &∃! Β2&,! ∃7! 3∃,∃%#7#7!
/−%Ι&∗!(−∋#−/∃8!)#7/#!7#%/−(∃:!&!+∃∋/#!7&,−#%/∃2!Β2#!Ψ(#!&4∃∋(∃!4∃∗!∃7!3∋−%453−∃7!(#!(−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:! 2∗! 97/&(∃! %Φ∃! 3∃(#! −%1∃4&∋! 4∃%/∋&! ∃2/∋∃! 97/&(∃! &7! (−73∃7−ΝΟ#7! (#! 72&!
+∃%7/−/2−ΝΦ∃:! ∗&7! &3#%&7! ∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! #! &7! ∃;∋−≅&ΝΟ#7! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7!
(#1−(&∗#%/#!&%25(&7!3∃∋!&∗;∃7!∃7!97/&(∃78!Ρ∋&:!2∗!97/&(∃!%Φ∃!3∃(#!&3∋#7#%/&∋!4∃∗∃!
&∋≅2∗#%/∃!4∃%/∋&! ∃2/∋∃!97/&(∃!72&! 3∋Χ3∋−&!+∃%7/−/2−ΝΦ∃!&! ?−∗! (#!7#!?2∋/&∋! &7!∃;∋−≅&ΝΟ#7!
Β2#!,Ι#!−%42∗;#∗!3∃∋!?∃∋Ν&!(∃! (−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!∃2!(#!/∋&/&(∃7! #∗!1−≅∃∋8!Α3,−4&%(∃=
7#!#7/#7!3∋−%453−∃7!&∃!4&7∃!#∗!&3∋#Ν∃:!/#∗=7#!4∃∗∃!∋#72,/&(∃!Β2#!&!Β2#7/Φ∃!(∃!/∋&/&∗#%/∃!
(#!4−(&(Φ∃7!3∃,∃%#7#7! ∃2! (#! 3#77∃&7! (#! ∃∋−≅#∗! ∃2! ,5%≅2&! 3∃,∃%#7&7!(#1#!7#∋! ∋#7∃,1−(&!
#ϑ4,27−1&∗#%/#!4∃∗!;&7#! %&7!∋#≅∋&7! (∃!(−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!#!%&7!(−73∃7−ΝΟ#7!(∃!/∋&/&(∃!
#∗!1−≅∃∋!#%/∋#!&!ς∃,>%−&!#!Υ&%Λ−≅Ζ
(#
8!!
! +∃%4,2−=7#:!#%/Φ∃:!Β2#!∃!3∃7−4−∃%&∗#%/∃!(&!+∃∋/#!∆!3#∋?#−/&∗#%/#!Ε27/−?−4&(∃!3#,&!
%#4#77−(&(#!(#!∗&%2/#%ΝΦ∃!(&!7#≅2∋&%Ν&!Ε2∋5(−4&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!Β2#!%Φ∃!3∃(#!#7/&∋!Η!∗#∋4
(&7!?,2/2&ΝΟ#7!#1#%/2&−7!(&7!,#≅−7,&ΝΟ#7!4∃%7/−/24−∃%&−7!−%/#∋%&78!
!
))#Σ# ∃# ≅<4∆=Φ4=# 3:# 34 476;<7=>4:7=?# 34=76;# 3=5# ?;45# :<347Λ<4=5# :Ε#
5;76;78=5#ϑΕ<4534>4:7=45#
#
Α!3∋−∗&Λ−&!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∃(#!−≅2&,∗#%/#!7#∋!∃;7#∋1&(&!Β2&%(∃!#7/#!7#!
∋#,&4−∃%&!4∃∗!,#−7! ∃∋(−%Π∋−&7!∃2! 7#%/#%Ν&7!Ε2∋−7(−4−∃%&−7! (∃∗∆7/−4&78!Α! Ε2∋−73∋2(
+∃∋/#!ς#∋∗&%#%/#!(#!λ27/−Ν&!Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!∆!∋−4&!7∃;∋#!&!∗&/∆∋−&8!!
)∃! 4&7∃! 4]( 4]( ⊥∀;∆9−∋∗3:! (#! ]φβ:! &! +ςλΚ! 4∃%7/&/∃2! 2∗&! 4∃%/∋&(−ΝΦ∃! #%/∋#! ∃7!
(−73∃7−/−1∃7!(∃! Γ∋&/&(∃! (#!ϕ#∋7&,Ι#7!Β2#! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,−Λ&1&∗! ∃!+&%&,!(#!0−#,! #! ∃7!&/∃7!
&(∗−%−7/∋&/−1∃7! (&! Α,#∗&%Ι&:! Β2#:! #∗;∃∋&! %#2/∋&! %∃! 4∃%?,−/∃! ∋277∃=3∃,∃%<7:! (#4−(−2!
;,∃Β2#&∋!&! 3&77&≅#∗!(#!%&1−∃7! Β2#!/∋&%73∃∋/&1&∗!∗&/#∋−&,! ∗−,−/&∋!3&∋&!&! ς∃,>%−&8!)#7/#!
4&7∃:!&! +∃∋/#! ς#∋∗&%#%/#! (#/#∋∗−%∃2! &! 723#∋−∃∋−(&(#! (∃! /∋&/&(∃! 7∃;∋#! /&−7! &/∃78! Α77−∗:!
#∗;∃∋&! &! Α,#∗&%Ι&! ?∃77#! ,−1∋#! 3&∋&! ,#≅−7,&∋! 7∃;∋#! 72&! %#2/∋&,−(&(#! %&! ≅2#∋∋&! ∋277∃=
!
(∀
Ν!/∋)()#!]∋3+#!)#!8(=∴∋Ι!Ο∗∋!&4(!;∋)()#Ξ#∃.()∗!#∃.(:#−#;∋)(!2#−∗!≅+(.()∗!)#!#+∃(−Φ#∃!)#!ηϖηϖ!%!#Β∋∃.∋&!
(.>!ηϖιϖ7!]∗;(−∋∴()(! =(!(.&(−! ;∋)()#!)#! Κ)(∃ο1!=(! ∀∗−|=∋(1!(!;∋)()#!Ι∗∴(3(!)#! (&.∗=∗4∋(1!2∗∃∃&∋=)∗! &4!
Ι∗3#+=∗!∋=)#2#=)#=.#!#!&4(!/∗=∃.∋.&∋Ηϑ∗!2+δ2+∋(1!()∗.()(!#4!ηϖ6γ7!!
(#
!≅+(.(4#=.∗! )#! 0(;∋∗=(∋∃! ∀∗−∗=#∃#∃! #! α&.+(∃! ∀#∃∃∗(∃! )#! α+∋Ι#4! ∗&! ]Σ=Ι&(! ∀∗−∗=#∃(! =∗! ≅#++∋.δ+∋∗! )#!
8(=∴∋Ι!Λα2∋=∋ϑ∗!/∗=∃&−.∋3(Μ1!γρ!)#!Ο#3#+#∋+∗!)#!ηϖι61!/∀ΥΤ!Ζ>+∋#!Νχ,1!=ζ!ρρ1!27!6ρ7!!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗#+(∃,)−.)(∗#/.#/)(.)0∗#)%0.(%∃1)∗%∃−#
#
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3( ∀=(>?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
!
3∃,∃%#7&:!/&,!,#≅−7,&ΝΦ∃!/−%Ι&!72&!1&,−(&(#!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!4∃%(−4−∃%&(&!Η!4∃%?∃∋∗−(&(#!4∃∗!
∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!+∃∗∃!72;,−%Ι&!&! +ςλΚ:!Ψξ&! Α,#∗&%Ι&ψ!%Φ∃!3∃(#∋−&!7∃;∋#3∃∋!72&7!
∃∋(#%7! (#! %#2/∋&,−(&(#! Η7! ∃;∋−≅&ΝΟ#7! Β2#! Ι&1−&! &4#−/&(∃! %∃7! /#∋∗∃7! (∃! &∋/−≅∃! β⊥_! (∃!
Γ∋&/&(∃!(#!ϕ#∋7&,Ι#78!Α!Α,#∗&%Ι&!3∃(−&!3#∋?#−/&∗#%/#!(#4,&∋&∋!#!∋#≅2,&∋!72&!%#2/∋&,−(&(#!
%&! ≅2#∋∋&! ∋277∃=3∃,∃%#7&:! ∗&7:! 4#∋/&∗#%/#:! #7/&1&! 72Ε#−/&! Η! 4∃%(−ΝΦ∃! (#! Β2#! (#1#∋−&!
∋#73#−/&∋!#!∗&%/#∋!−%/&4/&7!&7!∃;∋−≅&ΝΟ#7!4∃%1#%4−∃%&−7!3∃∋!#,&!4#,#;∋&(&7!#∗!⊥!(#!Ε2%Ι∃!
(#!]φ]φΖ
(∃
8!!
)∃!4&7∃!(&7!_∗3( /&3+(∋&(4&!∗∀&( 4≅.−/∀∗/(−(∋∗( 2∀#∀∋−(ς−::! (#!]φβ:! &!
+ςλΚ!∋#4∃%Ι#4#2!&!723#∋−∃∋−(&(#!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!7∃;∋#!&!,#−!(∃∗∆7/−4&!?∋&%4#7&!&∃!
(#/#∋∗−%&∋!Β2#!∃!4∃%Ε2%/∃!%∃∋∗&/−1∃!−%/#∋%∃!%Φ∃!3∃(#∋−&!,−∗−/&∋!∃!#74∃3∃!(&7!∃;∋−≅&ΝΟ#7!
&772∗−(&7!3#,&!ρ∋&%Ν&!#∗!Μ∗;−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!Α(#∗&−7:!∋#4∃%Ι#4#2!Β2#!/&−7!Λ∃%&7:!2∗&!
1#Λ!Β2#!4∃%7/−/25&∗!/#∋∋−/Χ∋−∃!?∋&%4<7:!#7/&1&∗!%&/2∋&,∗#%/#!72Ε#−/&7!Η!,#≅−7,&ΝΦ∃!?∋&%4#7&8!
)#7/#!4∃%/#ϑ/∃:!&!+∃∋/#!∃;7#∋1∃2!Β2#!Ψ#∗;∃∋&!7#Ε&!4#∋/∃!&!−∗3∃77−;−,−(&(#!(&!ρ∋&%Ν&!(#!
−%1∃4&∋!72&! 3∋Χ3∋−&!,#≅−7,&ΝΦ∃!3&∋&! ,−∗−/&∋! ∃!#74∃3∃!(#! 72&7!∃;∋−≅&ΝΟ#7!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7:! ∆!
−≅2&,∗#%/#!4#∋/∃!Β2#!&!,#≅−7,&ΝΦ∃!?−74&,!?∋&%4#7&!7#! &3,−4&!%∃! /#∋∋−/Χ∋−∃!(&7! Λ∃%&7!?∋&%4&7!
4∃∗∃!#∗!Β2&,Β2#∋!∃2/∋&!3&∋/#!(&!ρ∋&%Ν&Ζ
(%
8!
κ&7:!7#!&!3∋−∗&Λ−&!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!%&!#7?#∋&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!∆!−%4∃%/#7/Π1#,:!
Β2&−7!7Φ∃!&7!4∃%7#Β2
!
Ι#2#∃5#>:75;ΥΕΡ7>4=5#3;>:<3=#≅<4∆=Φ4=#3:#34476;<7=>4:7=?#
;∆#5Ε=#;5Ο;<=#3;#=6Ε=89:!
!
σ2&/∋∃! 7Φ∃! &7! 4∃%7#Β2
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!%∃!7#2!4&∗3∃!(#!&3,−4&ΝΦ∃8!!
#
)#2#∃#4∆≅:554Β4?43=3;#(∃!97/&(∃!(##47Χ:>=
476;<7:#:Ε#5Ε=5#3;Ο4>4Ρ7>4=5#;#?=>Ε7=5#>:∆:#∆;>=745∆:#3;#ϑΕ564Ο4>=64Χ=#3=#79:#
;ς;>Ε89:#3;#Ε∆=#7:4:7=?#
#
!
(∃
!Ζ7Ζ7!{∋4:−#)∗=!ΛΕ#∋=∗!<=∋)∗1!Γ+(=Η(1!Τ.Π−∋(!#!Υ(2ϑ∗!37!Ν−#4(=Φ(Μ1!ηκ!)#!(Ι∗∃.∗!)#!ηϖ6ι1!/∀ΥΤ!Ζ>+∋#!Ν1!
=ζ!η1!27!ιγ7!!
(%
!ξ∗=(∃!Γ+(=;(∃!)(!Ζ(3∗∋(!Ζ&2#+∋∗+!#!)∗!8∋∃.+∋.∗!)#!Κ#Β!ΛΓ+(=Η(!37!Ζ&ΣΗ(Μ1!ηϖ!)#!(Ι∗∃.∗!)#!ηϖ6ϖ1!/∀ΥΤ!Ζ>+∋#!
Ν1!=ζ!661!27!η67!!
1445(6789:7;8;!
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3(?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
Α!∋#≅∋&!∃∋−≅−%&,!∋#,&/−1&!Η!3∋−∗&Λ−&!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!7∃;∋#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!
7#!1 ∋#?,#/−(&:!3∋−∗#−∋&∗#%/#:!%&! −∗3∃77−;−,−(&(#! (#!2∗!(#/#∋∗−%&(∃! 97/&(∃!−%1∃4&∋!&7!
(−73∃7−ΝΟ#7!(#! 7#2!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃:! &7!#1#%/2&−7!,&42%&7! (#7/#!∃2!72&7! (#?−4−4∃∗∃!
∗#4&%−7∗∃! (#! Ε27/−?−4&/−1&! (&! %Φ∃! #ϑ#42ΝΦ∃! (#! 2∗&! %∃∋∗&! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8! 9∗! ∃2/∋&7!
3&,&1∋&7:!(−&%/#! (#! 2∗! 4∃%?,−/∃!#%/∋#! 2∗&! %∃∋∗&! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!#! 2∗&! %∃∋∗&! (#! (−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%∃:!&3,−4&=7#:!%&!#7?#∋&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:! &! ∃∋(#∗! %∃∋∗&/−1&! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8! Α(#∗&−7:! &!
#ϑ−7/ 2∗&! ∃;∋−≅&ΝΦ∃! %∃∋∗&/−1&! −%/#∋%&!%Φ∃!3∃(#!Ε27/−?−4&∋! &! −%#ϑ#42ΝΦ∃! (#! 2∗&!
∃;∋−≅&ΝΦ∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:! %#∗! 7#∋! 4∃%7−(#∋&(&! &/∃! (#!/#∋4#−∋∃7! 3#,∃! Β2&,! ∃! 97/&(∃! %Φ∃!∆!
∋#73∃%7Π1#,8!Γ&,!∃;∋−≅&ΝΦ∃!#7/Π!&77#%/&(&!%&!;∃&!?∆!#!%&!7#≅2∋&%Ν&!Ε2∋5(−4&!(#!∗∃(∃!Β2#!&!
&(∃ΝΦ∃!(#!Β2&,Β2#∋!∃2/∋∃!3∋−%453−∃!?&4−,−/&∋−&!&!#1&7Φ∃!(∃7!97/&(∃7!Η7!72&7!∃;∋−≅&ΝΟ#7Ζ
(&
8!
Υ#77&!?∃∋∗&:! 4&;#! &∃! 97/&(∃!Β2#! 4∃%7#%/−2! %&! #,&;∃∋&ΝΦ∃! (#! 2∗&! %∃∋∗&! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!
4∃%/∋Π∋−&! &∃! 7#2! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%∃! /∃∗&∋! /∃(&7! &7! ∗#(−(&7! ∗&%(&/Χ∋−&7! 4&;51#−7! 4∃∗! &!
?−%&,−(&(#!(#! #ϑ#42/&∋! 72&7! ∃;∋−≅&ΝΟ#7! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&−78! ς&∋&! /&%/∃:! (#1#=7#! ∗∃(−?−4&∋:!7#!
%#4#77Π∋−∃:!72&!,#≅−7,&ΝΦ∃!(#!∗∃(∃!&!3∋∃1#∋!4∃#∋
&≅−∋!%∃! 7#%/−(∃! (#! Β2#! 7#27!%&4−∃%&−7!3∃77&∗!4∃%(2Λ−∋! 7#27! 4∃∗3∃∋/&∗#%/∃7! 7#≅2%(∃! &!
3∋#1−7Φ∃!%∃∋∗&/−1&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,
(∋
8!!
97/#! ∆! ∃! 4∃%/#6(∃! (∃! &∋/−≅∃! µ! (&! +∃%1#%ΝΦ∃! (#! ϕ−#%&! 7∃;∋#! ∃! Υ−∋#−/∃! (∃7!
Γ∋&/&(∃7
((
:! Β2#! #%4∃%/∋&! ≅2&∋−(&! 3∋−∃∋−/&∋−&∗#%/#! %∃! 3∋−%453−∃! (∃! .&+
#ϑ3∋#77∃!%∃!&∋/−≅∃!η!(&!∋#?#∋−(&!+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃
()
!#!%&!(#4,&∋&ΝΦ∃!(&!Α77#∗;,#−&!ε#∋&,!7∃;∋#!
&7!Ω#,&ΝΟ#7!Α∗−≅Π1#−7:!(#!α!(#!∃2/2;∋∃!(#!]φµ_
)∗
8!97/#!3∋−%453−∃!≅&∋&%/#!&!%#4#77−(&(#!
(#!&3,−4&ΝΦ∃! (&! ∃;∋−≅&ΝΦ∃! (#1−(&∗#%/#! 4∃%7#%/−(&8! 9,#! ∆!∃! ?2%(&∗#%/∃! (∃! 4∃%4#−/∃! (#!
7#≅2∋&%Ν&!Ε2∋5(−4&! #!7#!;&7#−&! %&! −(#−&!(#!Β2#! 2∗!97/&(∃!%Φ∃! 3∃(#! (#7#Ε&∋!7#!1−%42,&∋! #!
%#≅&∋!7−∗2,/&%#&∗#%/#!2∗&!∃;∋−≅&ΝΦ∃!4∃%7#%/−(&8!!
κ&7!∃( .&+ #≅3#−/!&3∋&!/#∗:! −≅2&,∗#%/#:! ∃!3&3#,!(#!≅&∋&%/−∋! &! #?#/−1−(&(#!(&!
%∃∋∗&! #! (#! Ψ4∋−&∋! (−∋#−/∃7! ∋#453∋∃4∃7! #%/∋#! &7! ς&∋/#7! %&! ;&7#! (#! 2∗&! 4∃%Ε2≅&ΝΦ∃! (#!
−%/#∋#77#7:! (#! 2∗&! −%/#≅∋&ΝΦ∃! (#! 1∃%/&(#7! 7∃;#∋&%&7! Β2#! 3∋∃1&1#,∗#%/#! 4∃%/−%2&∋Φ∃! &!
!
(&
!Τ7!,+∗ε=−∋#1!∀+∋=;Σ2∋∗∃!)#!8∋+#∋.∗!Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!∀9:−∋;∗1!]∋∃:∗(1!Γ&=)(Ηϑ∗!/(−∗&∃.#!Κ&−:#=ο∋(=1!ηϖϖκ1!227!
ρσΞρκ7!
(∋
!Ν7!/7!_∋∃∃1!Ε#2#+.&(∋+#!)#!−(!2+(.∋%!Ο+(=Η(∋∃#!#=!4(.∋∆+#!)#!)+∗∋.!∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!2&:−∋;1!∀(+∋∃1!/0ΕΖ1!ηϖσ61!
227!ησηΞηκϕ7!!
((
!θ<4(!2(+.#!=ϑ∗!2∗)#!∋=3∗;(+!(∃!)∋∃2∗∃∋ΗΘ#∃!)#!∃#&!)∋+#∋.∗!∋=.#+=∗!2(+(!Ρ&∃.∋Ο∋;(+!∗!∋=()∋42−#4#=.∗!)#!&4!
.+(.()∗7!Ω∃.(!+#Ι+(!=ϑ∗!2+#Ρ&)∋;(!∗!(+.∋Ι∗!ρστ7!/∗=3#=Ηϑ∗!)#!∋#=(!∃∗:+#!∗!8∋+#∋.∗!)∗∃!≅+(.()∗∃1!6ι!)#!4(∋∗!
)#!ηϖσϖ1!(+.∋Ι∗!6κ7!!
()
!θ≅∗)∗!.+(.()∗! #4!3∋Ι∗+! ∗:+∋Ι(! (∃!2(+.#∃!#! )#3#!∃#+!;&42+∋)∗! 2∗+!#−(∃!)#! :∗(!Ο>τ7!/∗=3#=Ηϑ∗! )#!∋#=(!
∃∗:+#!∗!8∋+#∋.∗!)∗∃!≅+(.()∗∃1!6ι!)#!4(∋∗!)#!ηϖσϖ1!(+.∋Ι∗!6σ7!!
)∗
!Ε#∃∗−&Ηϑ∗!<0ΚΝ!6σ6ϕ!Λ6ρ!)#!∗&.&:+∗!)#!ηϖκγΜ1!8#;−(+(Ηϑ∗!)∗∃!∀+∋=;Σ2∋∗∃!)#!8∋+#∋.∗!Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!∃∗:+#!
Ε#−(ΗΘ#∃!Ν4∋∃.∗∃(∃!#!/∗∗2#+(Ηϑ∗!#=.+#!∗∃!Ω∃.()∗∃1!27!η6ι7!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗#+(∃,)−.)(∗#/.#/)(.)0∗#)%0.(%∃1)∗%∃−#
#
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3( ∀=(>?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
&∃!
4∃−%4−(−∋!&∃!,∃%≅∃!(∃!/#∗3∃Ζ
)!
8!)#77#!7#%/−(∃:!∃!.&+!≅&∋&%/#!&!1&,−(&(#!(&!
%∃∋∗&! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! #! &! 4∃%/−%2−(&(#! (∃! 97/&(∃! (−&%/#! (#! 2∗&! #1#%/2&,! 724#77Φ∃! (#!
≅∃1#∋%∃8!Ψ+∃∗∃!&7!∃;∋−≅&ΝΟ#7!4∃%1#%4−∃%&−7!1−%42,&∗!∃!97/&(∃:!#,&7!%Φ∃!7Φ∃!&?#/&(&7!3∃∋!
∗2(&%Ν&7!(#!≅∃1#∋%∃:!&(∗−%−7/∋&ΝΦ∃:!(−%&7/−&!∃2!∋#≅−∗#!(#%/∋∃!(∃! 97/&(∃8!σ2&,Β2#∋!Β2#!
7#Ε&!72&! ∃∋−≅#∗! ∃2! ∃! 3∋∃4#77∃! 3#,∃! Β2&,!/#%Ι&! &772∗−(∃! ∃! 3∃(#∋:! ∃! %∃1∃!≅∃1#∋%&%/#!∆!
∃;∋−≅&(∃!&!42∗3∋−∋!4∃∗!&7!∃;∋−≅&ΝΟ#7!4∃%1#%4−∃%&−7!(∃!97/&(∃:!&!%Φ∃!7#∋!Β2#!#7/&7!3∃77&∗!
7#∋!4∃%4,25(&7!(#!&4∃∋(∃!4∃∗!∃7!/#∋∗∃7!(∃!/∋&/&(∃:!∃2!?−%(&(&7!(#!∃2/∋&!?∃∋∗&!,#≅&,Ζ+
)∀
8!!
Γ&,!3∋−%453−∃!/∃∋%&!−%∃3#∋&%/#!%∃!3,&%∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!/∃(∃!&∋≅2∗#%/∃!4∃%/∋Π∋−∃!&∃!
∋#4∃%Ι#4−∗#%/∃!(#!4#∋/∃7!#%≅&Ε&∗#%/∃7!#7/&;#,#4−(∃7!3∃∋!2∗!(#/#∋∗−%&(∃!≅∃1#∋%∃!Β2#!
#1#%/2&,∗#%/#!/#%Ι&!7−(∃!(#7/−/25(∃!3∃∋!1−&!∋#1∃,24−∃%Π∋−&!∃2!3∃∋!Β2&,Β2#∋!∃3∃7−ΝΦ∃8!9∗!
∃2/∋&7!3&,&1∋&7:! &! ∗2(&%Ν&! (#! ≅∃1#∋%∃:!3∃∋!∗&−7!∋&(−4&,!Β2#! 3∃77&! /#∋! 7−(∃:! %Φ∃!&?#/&!&!
1&,−(&(#!(#! 2∗!#%≅&Ε&∗#%/∃! %∃∋∗&/−1∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!Ρ! (−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!3∃(#! 7#!(#74∃,&∋!
(∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:! ∗&7! /&,! ?&/∃! %Φ∃! 7−≅%−?−4&! &! 3#∋(&! (#! 1&,∃∋! Ε2∋5(−4∃! (#! 2∗&!
∃;∋−≅&ΝΦ∃!(#7/#!(#4∃∋∋#%/#8!
Α!+∃∋/#!Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!(#!λ27/−Ν&!/#1#!&!∃3∃∋/2%−(&(#!(#!&;∃∋(&∋!∃!/#∗&!%∃!4&7∃!(&!
Β.9∀+&01∗(∋&(Φ∗3!−301∗(.&/&(&([/−!−301∗(−(,−./−##1∗(∋∗(Φ/∀;−(∋−(ς−3∗+Ν∋∀∗8!Υ−742/−&=
7#:!#%/Φ∃:!∃7!#?#−/∃7!(&!(−77∃,2ΝΦ∃!(&!&%/−≅&!Ω#36;,−4&!Θ∃4−&,−7/&!ρ#(#∋&/−1&!(&!Κ2≅∃7,Π1−&:!
Β2&%(∃! &! Ω#36;,−4&! (&! .Χ7%−&! #! ι#∋Λ#≅∃1−%&! #%/∋#≅∃2! %∃/−?−4&ΝΦ∃! (#! 724#77Φ∃! &∃!
Θ#4∋#/Π∋−∃=ε#∋&,!(&!Ρ)Ξ:!(#3∃7−/Π∋−∃!(&!∋#?#∋−(&!+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃:!(#4,&∋&%(∃!∃!7#2!(#7#Ε∃!(#!
724#(#∋!&!Ω#36;,−4&!Θ∃4−&,−7/&!4∃∗∃!97/&(∃=ς&∋/#!(#7/&:!∃!Β2#!/#1#!72&!1&,−(&(#!#!#?#−/∃7!
,#≅&−7!Β2#7/−∃%&(∃7!3#,&!Θ∆∋1−&!#!κ∃%/#%#≅∋∃8!)#77#!4∃%/#ϑ/∃:!&!+∃∋/#!4∃%4,2−!7#∋!#1−(#%/#!
Β2#!.Χ7%−&!#!ι#∋Λ#≅∃1−%&!3∃(#∋−&!/∃∋%&∋=7#!ς&∋/#!(&!+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃!&/∋&1∆7!(∃!∗#4&%−7∗∃!(#!
724#77Φ∃!(#!97/&(∃7
)#
8!
Ρ!∗#7∗∃!3∋−%453−∃!3∃(#!7#∋!&3,−4&(∃!%&!7−/2&ΝΦ∃!−%1#∋7&8!Ρ!∋#/∃∋%∃!&!2∗&!#1#%/2&,!
%∃∋∗&,−(&(#:! &3Χ7! 2∗! 3#∋5∃(∃! ∋#1∃,24−∃%Π∋−∃:! %Φ∃! −∗3,−4&! &! −%1&,−(&(#! (#! 2∗&! %∃∋∗&!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! #7/&;#,#4−(&! (2∋&%/#! &! #ϑ−7/
)∃
8! Ρ∋&:! ∃!
4∃∗3∋∃∗−77∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!∆!&772∗−(∃!#!(−∋−≅−(∃!&∃!97/&(∃:!%Φ∃!&∃!≅∃1#∋%∃8!Α!%∃∋∗&!∋#4&−!
7∃;∋#! ∃! 97/&(∃! −%(#3#%(#%/#∗#%/#! (#! 7#27! ≅∃1#∋%&%/#78! )#7/#! 7#%/−(∃:! ∃! (−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∃(#! 4∃#ϑ−7/−∋!4∃∗!2∗&!%∃∋∗&! (∃∗∆7/−4&! 4∃%/∋Π∋−&:!/#%(∃!3∋−∗&Λ−&! %&!72&!
!
)!
!/ΤΥ1!/(∃∗!∀+∗Ρ#.∗!Κ(:Σο∗3∗Ξ0(Ι[4(+∗∃!Λς&=Ι+∋(!37!Ω∃−∗3Π%&∋(Μ1!6ϕ!)#!∃#.#4:+∗!)#!ηϖϖκ1!/ΤΥ!Ε#;7!ηϖϖκ1!
8#;−(+(Ηϑ∗!)∗!Υ&∋∴!Γ7!Ε#∴#ο1!27!λι7!!
)∀
!/∗4∋∃∃ϑ∗!)#! 8∋+#∋.∗!Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!)(∃! 0(ΗΘ#∃! <=∋)(∃1!Ε#−(.δ+∋∗! )∗! Ε#−(.∗+!Ω∃2#;∋(−!Κ7! Κ7!Γ∋.∴4(&+∋;#!
2(+(!∗!8∋+#∋.∗!)∗∃!≅+(.()∗∃1!ηρ!)#!4(+Η∗!)#!ηϖϕσ1!Νχ/07ρχηγη1!27!ηγλ1!(+.∋Ι∗ϕΛιΜ7!
!/ΤΥ!Ε#;7!ηϖϖσ1!227!σηγΞση67!!
)∃
!/(∃∗!)(∃!Ε#;−(4(ΗΘ#∃!Γ+(=;#∃(∃!;∗=.+(!∗!∀#+&1!ηη!)#!∗&.&:+∗!)#!ηϖ6η1!ΕΤΝΝ!∗−7!Τ1!227!6ηϕΞ66η7!
1445(6789:7;8;!
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3(?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
#7?#∋&! (#! &/2&ΝΦ∃8! Ξ∗! #ϑ#∗3,∃! (&! &3,−4&ΝΦ∃! (#! /&,! ∋#≅∋&! 3∃(#! 7#∋! #%4∃%/∋&(∃! %&!
Ε2∋−73∋2((&!+Κλ!%∃!4&7∃! Κ9−<∗3∀+&( 4∀+≅9&( 4].]Β!ΗΚ=4αϑ8! Γ∋&/&1&=7#! (∃! 3#(−(∃! (#!
−%(#%−Λ&ΝΦ∃!?∃∋∗2,&(∃!3#,∃7!97/&(∃7!Ξ%−(∃7!4∃%/∋&!&!Κ/Π,−&!&4#∋4&!(&!∋#Β2−7−ΝΦ∃!?#−/&!3#,∃!
≅∃1#∋%∃! −/&,−&%∃! (#! 2∗&! ?Π;∋−4&! (#! 4∃∗3∃%#%/#7! #,#/∋>%−4∃7! 42Ε∃! 4∃%/∋∃,#! 3#∋/#%4−&! &!
4∃∗3&%Ι−&7! %∃∋/#=&∗#∋−4&%&78! Α! +Κλ:! %#7/#! 4&7∃:! (#/#∋∗−%∃2! Β2#! Ψ∃! 42∗3∋−∗#%/∃! (∃!
(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!#!∃!42∗3∋−∗#%/∃!(∃7!(−73∃7−/−1∃7!(#!2∗!/∋&/&(∃!7Φ∃!Β2#7/Ο#7!(−?#∋#%/#7Ζ
)%
8!!
+∃%4,2−=7#:! 3∃∋/&%/∃:! Β2#! #1#%/2&−7! ∗2(&%Ν&7! (#! ∋#≅−∗#! 3∃,5/−4∃! ∃2! (#!
4−∋42%7/Μ%4−&! Ε2∋5(−4&! −%/#∋%&! %Φ∃! &?#/&∗! &! %&/2∋#Λ&! 1−%42,&%/#! (#! 2∗&! ∃;∋−≅&ΝΦ∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!!!
!
))#2#∃#;ς>;89:# =#Χ4:?=89:# ∆=74Ο;56=#3;#Ε∆=# 7:3;#34
476;<7:#3;#4∆≅:<6Ω7>4=#ΟΕ73=∆;76=?#
!
Α!∋#≅∋&!4∃%/−(&!%∃!&∋/−≅∃!µ!(&!+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃!(#!ϕ−#%&!7∃;∋#!∃!Υ−∋#−/∃!(∃7!Γ∋&/&(∃7!
−∗3Ο#!2∗&!#ϑ4#ΝΦ∃!(−73∃7/&!%∃!&∋/−≅∃!αη!(&!∋#?#∋−(&!+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃8!Θ#≅2%(∃!#7/#!(−73∃7−/−1∃!
,#≅&,:!Ψ2∗!97/&(∃!%Φ∃!3∃(#!−%1∃4&∋!∃!?&/∃!(#!Β2#!7#2!4∃%7#%/−∗#%/∃!#∗!∃;∋−≅&∋=7#!3∃∋!2∗!
/∋&/&(∃! ?∃−! #ϑ3∋#77∃! #∗! 1−∃,&ΝΦ∃! (#! 2∗&! (−73∃7−ΝΦ∃! (#! 7#2! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%∃! 7∃;∋#!
4∃∗3#/Β2#!#77&!1−∃,&ΝΦ∃!?∃77#!∗&%−?#7/&!#!(−77#77#!
∋#73#−/∃!&!2∗&!%∃∋∗&!(#!7#2!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!(#!−∗3∃∋/Μ%4−&!?2%(&∗#%/&,Ζ
)&
8!!
97/&! #ϑ4#ΝΦ∃! Η! ∋#≅∋&! ≅#∋&,! −∗3,−4&:! 3∃∋/&%/∃:! Β2#:! 7&/−7?#−/∃7! ∃7! ∋#Β2−7−/∃7! (#!
1−∃,&ΝΦ∃! ∗&%−?#7/&! #! (#! −∗3∃∋/Μ%4−&! ?2%(&∗#%/&,! (&! %∃∋∗&! #∗! Β2#7/Φ∃:! ∃! 97/&(∃! ∆!
&2/∃∋−Λ&(∃! 3#,∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! &! −%1&,−(&∋! ∃! 4∃%7#%/−∗#%/∃! (&(∃! &∃! /∋&/&(∃:! #∗!
1−∋/2(#!(&!1−∃,&ΝΦ∃!(#!7#2!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃8!Ρ! 3∋Χ3∋−∃!αη!(#/#∋∗−%&!Β2#!2∗&!1−∃,&ΝΦ∃!7#∋Π!
∗&%−?#7/&!Β2&%(∃!#7/&! Ψ?∃∋!∃;Ε#/−1&∗#%/#! #1−(#%/#!3&∋&!Β2&,Β2#∋!97/&(∃!Β2#!3∋∃4#(&:!%&!
∗&/∆∋−&:!(#! 4∃%?∃∋∗−(&(#! 4∃∗!&!3∋Π/−4&! %∃∋∗&,! #!(#!;∃&!?∆Ζ
)∋
8!λΠ! 2∗&! %∃∋∗&!(#!(−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%∃!(#!−∗3∃∋/Μ%4−&! ?2%(&∗#%/&,!3∃(#!7#∋!#%/#%(−(&!4∃∗∃!&;∋&%≅#%(∃!/∃(&7! &7!∋#≅∋&7!
∋#,&4−∃%&(&7!Η!4∃∗3#/3&∋&!&!4∃%4,27Φ∃!(#!/∋&/&(∃7:!Ψ−%(#3#%(#%/#∗#%/#!(#!7#2!7/&/27!
%&!Ι−#∋&∋Β2−&! (&!∃∋(#∗!Ε2∋5(−4&! −%/#∋%&!#!7#! /&−7!∋#≅∋&7!7Φ∃! #74∋−/&7! ∃2!%Φ∃Ζ:!&;∋&%≅#%(∃!
!
)%
!/ΤΥ!Ε#;7!ηϖλϖ1!27!ϕη7!!
)&
!/∗=3#=Ηϑ∗!)#!∋#=(!∃∗:+#!∗!8∋+#∋.∗!)∗∃!≅+(.()∗∃1!66!)#!4(∋∗!)#!ηϖσϖ1!(+.∋Ι∗!ρσ1!2(+ΠΙ+(Ο∗!η7!
)∋
!/∗=3#=Ηϑ∗!)#!∋#=(!∃∗:+#!∗!8∋+#∋.∗!)∗∃!≅+(.()∗∃1!66!)#!4(∋∗!)#!ηϖσϖ1!(+.∋Ι∗!ρσ1!2(+ΠΙ+(Ο∗!67!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗#+(∃,)−.)(∗#/.#/)(.)0∗#)%0.(%∃1)∗%∃−#
#
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3( ∀=(>?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
&%!
/&%/∃!%∃∋∗&7! 4∃%7/−/24−∃%&−7! Β2&%/∃! &/∃7! ,#≅−7,&/−1∃7! #!&(∗−%−7/∋&/−1∃7
)(
8!σ2&%/∃! ∗&−7! &!
∋#≅∋&!?∃∋!?2%(&∗#%/&,:!∗&−∃∋!7#∋Π!72&!1−∃,&ΝΦ∃!∗&%−?#7/&8!!
)#7/#!4&7∃:!&!%∃∋∗&!−%/#∋%&!4∃%/∋Π∋−&!&∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!4∃%7/−/2−∋−&!#7427&!
1Π,−(&!3&∋&!∃!(#742∗3∋−∗#%/∃!(&!∃;∋−≅&ΝΦ∃!4∃%1#%4−∃%&,!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!Κ77∃!%Φ∃!7#!(Π!#∗!
1−∋/2(#!(&!3∃7−ΝΦ∃!Ι−#∋&∋Β2−4&∗#%/#!723#∋−∃∋!(&!∋#?#∋−(&!%∃∋∗&!(∃∗∆7/−4&:!∗&7!3∃∋Β2#:!%&!
∋#&,−(&(#:!∃! 4∃%7#%/−∗#%/∃! ∆! ∗&%−?#7/&∗#%/#!(#?#−/2∃7∃8! Α! ∃;∋−≅&ΝΦ∃! ∆!(#! −∗3∃∋/Μ%4−&!
?2%(&∗#%/&,:!3∃∋/&%/∃!∆!(#!7#!723∃∋!Β2#!&!∃2/∋&!ς&∋/#!(#1#∋−&!/#∋!4∃%Ι#4−∗#%/∃!(#!/&,!154−∃:!
%Φ∃!3∃(#%(∃!7#!,∃423,#/&∋! (#!2∗!≅&%Ι∃! &∃!Β2&,!3∃(#∋−&! (#%2%4−&∋!&!Β2&,Β2#∋! ∗∃∗#%/∃8!
97/#7!7Φ∃!(∃−7!∋#Β2−7−/∃7!4∃∗3,#∗#%/&∋#7!Β2#!%Φ∃!3∃(#∋Φ∃!7#∋!&3,−4&(∃7!−7∃,&(&∗#%/#8!9,#7!
∋#3∋#7#%/&∗! 7−∗2,/&%#&∗#%/#! ∃! (#7#Ε∃! (#! 7#! −∗3#(−∋! Β2#! 1&%/&≅#%7! 7#Ε&∗! ∃;/−(&7! 3∃∋!
1−∃,&ΝΦ∃!4,&∋&!(#!%∃∋∗&!−%/#∋%&!#!Β2#!&!3∋#7#∋1&ΝΦ∃!(&!≅&∋&%/−&!(&!#7/∋2/2∋&!7∃;#∋&%&!7#Ε&!
3∋#1−7/&8!!
Α!∋#≅∋&!(∃!&∋/−≅∃!αη!(&!+ϕΥΓ!∋#/∃∗&!∃!/#∃∋!(∃!&∋/−≅∃!αβ!(∃!ς∋∃Ε#/∃!(&!+∃∗−77Φ∃!
(#!Υ−∋#−/∃!Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!(&!Ρ)Ξ:!Β2#!1#−∃!(&∋!∃∋−≅#∗!Η!+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃!#!Β2#!;274&!#Β2−,−;∋&∋!
&7!/#%(−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,−7/&!7∃;∋#!&!−%?,21&,−(&(#!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%∃!%∃!(−∋#−/∃!(∃7!/∋&/&(∃7
))
8!)#77#!7#%/−(∃:!/&,!3∋−%453−∃!1#−∃!&!7#∋!&3,−4&(∃!#∗!(−1#∋7&7!
7#%/#%Ν&7! &∋;−/∋&−7! &%/#∋−∃∋#7! Η! 3∋Χ3∋−&! +ϕΥΓ:! 4∃∗∃! %∃7! 4&7∃7! (∃7! 4&7∃7! (∃7! Ω−3#(
Ω/∀ Ι&//∗+∗#( Κ#.&3)∗9! (#! ]φγ
!∗∗
!#! (&! α3 ∋−( ≅;&!2∀#.∗#∀01∗( ∋&(
Φ∗3!−301∗(∋−(Φ∗;Λ/+∀∗(−3−(&(/&30&(−(&(4≅Ν0&(−(∋∗([/∗+−##∗(χ−/∆&9(Β##∀3&∋∗#(−;(
Ω−/3&(−;(Πδ(∋−(∗≅∋−(ΘΣδΡ:!(#!]φ]
!∗!
:!;#∗!4∃∗∃!%&7!(#4−7Ο#7!(&!+∃∋/#!ς#∋∗&%#%/#!
(#!λ27/−Ν&! Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!7∃;∋#!∃! 4 =−Α&9(∋&(ς/∗−39β3∋∀&( Ε/∀−3! (#!]φββ
!∗∀
:!#! (&7!
_∗3(/&3+(∋&(4&!∗∀&(4≅.−/∀∗/(−(∋∗(2∀#∀:!(#!]φφ
!∗#
:!;#∗!4∃∗∃!#∗!∃2/∋&7!
Ε2∋−73∋2(
!∗∃
8!
Γ&,!∗&/∆∋−&!1#−∃!/&∗;∆∗!&!7#∋!&1&,−&(&!3#,&!+Κλ!%∃!4&7∃!(&!/∗3−(
Ι&/ΝΦ&;&/7−#(−( 6∀ΑΛ/∀&:!(#!__8! )#7/&!∃4&7−Φ∃:!&! )−≅∆∋−&:!#∗! 72&!(#?#7&!#!
&3#,&%(∃! &∃! &∋/−≅∃! αη! (&! +ϕΥΓ:! &∋≅2∗#%/∃2! Β2#! +&∗&∋Ο#7! 7&;−&! ∃2! (#1#∋−&! /#∋!
!
)(
!α7!8++1!_7! Ζ;Φ4(−#=:(;Φ1!∋#==(!/∗=3#=.∋∗=! ∗=!.Φ#!](ε!∗Ο!.Φ#! ≅+#(.∋#∃π!Ν!/∗44#=.(+[1!ς#∋)#−:#+Ι1!
Ζ2+∋=Ι#+1!6γη61!27!κλϕ7!!
))
!Υ7!ς∗∃.#+.1!8+∗∋.!∋=.#+=(.∋∗=(−!#.!)+∗∋.! ∋=.#+=#!)(=∃!−(! /∗=3#=.∋∗=!)#!∋#==#!∃&+! −#!)+∗∋.!)#∃! .+(∋.>∃!)&! 6ι!
4(∋!)#!ηϖσϖ1!Ν==&(∋+#!Γ+(=Η(∋∃!)#!8+∗∋.!Τ=.#+=(.∋∗=(−1!37!ηϕ1!ηϖσϖ1!27!ηγγ7!!
!∗∗
!ΕΤΝΝ!∗−7!ΤΤ1!27!κ6ρ7!!
!∗!
!ΕΤΝΝ!∗−7!?Τ!227!ρηλ7!
!∗∀
!/∀ΥΤ!Ζ>+∋#!Νχ,1!=ζ!ϕι1!27!κη7!!!
!∗#
!/∀ΥΤ!Ζ>+∋#!Ν1!=ζ!661!27!ηκγ7!!
!∗∃
!/(∃∗!)(!8#−∋4∋.(Ηϑ∗!)(!Γ+∗=.#∋+(!Χ(+Σ.∋4(!#=.+#!(!Κ&∋=>Ξ,∋∃∃(&!#!∗!Ζ#=#Ι(−1!ιη!)#!Ρ&−Φ∗!)#!ηϖλϖ1!ΕΤΝΝ!
∗−7!??1!227!ηρηΞηριψ!/ΤΥ1!/(∃∗!)(!8∋∃2&.(!≅#++∋.∗+∋(−!#!Χ(+Σ.∋4(!Λ0∋;(+ΠΙ&(!37!/∗−|4:∋(Μ1!ηι!)#!)#∴#4:+∗!
)#!6γγκ1!/ΤΥ!Ε#;7!6γγκ1!27!λϕϖ7!!
1445(6789:7;8;!
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3(?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
4∃%Ι#4−∗#%/∃!(#!Β2#!∃!7#2!+Ι#?#!(#!97/&(∃!%Φ∃!/−%Ι&!∃!3∃(#∋!(#!1−%42,&∋!Ε2∋−(−4&∗#%/#!#!
(#! ?∃∋∗&! 4∃∗32,7Χ∋−&! &! )−≅∆∋−&:! 7#∗! 4∃%72,/&∋! ∃! +∃%7#,Ι∃! κ−,−/&∋! Θ23∋#∗∃8!
+∃%7#Β2#%/#∗#%/#:!+&∗&∋Ο#7:!%∃7!/#∋∗∃7!(∃!&∋/−≅∃!αη:!3&∋Π≅∋&?∃!ν:!(#1#∋−&!/#∋!3#∋4#;−(∃!
&! #1−(
−,−∗−/&(&
!∗%
8!!
Α! +∃∋/#! 4∃∗#Ν∃2:! #%/Φ∃:! 3∃∋! ∋#4∃%Ι#4#∋! Β2#! ∃! 4∃%7#%/−∗#%/∃! (∃! 97/&(∃! 3&∋&!
1−%42,&∋=7#!Ε2∋−(−4&∗#%/#!(#1#!7#∋!#ϑ3∋#77∃!3∃∋!&Β2#,#!4∃∗!4&3&4−(&(#!,#≅&,!3&∋&!4∃%4,2−∋!
/∋&/&(∃78! +∃∗! #?#−/∃:! /&,! 4∃∗∃! 3∋#1
3∋#72∗#=7#! Β2#! ∃7! +Ι#?#7! (#! 97/&(∃:! (#1−(∃! Η7! 72&7! ?2%ΝΟ#7:! 7Φ∃! 4∃%7−(#∋&(∃7!
∋#3∋#7#%/&%/#7!(#!7#27!97/&(∃7!−%(#3#%(#%/#∗#%/#!(&! &3∋#7#%/&ΝΦ∃!(#! 3,#%∃7!3∃(#∋#7
!∗&
8!
Ρ!3∋−%453−∃!(#!;&7#!3&∋&!/&,!4&3&4−(&(#!∆!∃!(&!Μ≅#(/−./−#−3∗;3∀;∗∋&−!(∃!+Ι#?#!
(#!97/&(∃
!∗∋
8!Α∃!∗#7∗∃!/#∗3∃:!&!+Κλ!%∃/∃2!&−%(&!Β2#!&7!∋#≅∋&7!4∃%4#∋%#%/#7!Η!&2/∃∋−(&(#!
3&∋&!&77−%&∋!/∋&/&(∃7!7Φ∃!(#!%&/2∋#Λ&!4∃%7/−/24−∃%&,!#! (#!−∗3∃∋/Μ%4−&!?2%(&∗#%/&,8!Θ#%(∃!
&77−∗:!2∗&!,−∗−/&ΝΦ∃!Η!4&3&4−(&(#!(∃!+Ι#?#!(#!97/&(∃!3&∋&!4∃%4,2−∋!/∋&/&(∃7!#∗!%∃∗#!(∃!
97/&(∃! ∋#3∋#7#%/&(∃! %Φ∃! ∆! ∗&%−?#7/&! &! %Φ∃! 7#∋! Β2#! /∃∋%&(&! 36;,−4&! (#! ?∃∋∗&! &∗3,&! #!
3,#%&
!∗(
8!Κ77∃!7−≅%−?−4&:!#∗! ∃2/∋&7!3&,&1∋&7:!Β2#:! 7#!&! 4&3&4−(&(#!(#!2∗! +Ι#?#!(#!97/&(∃!
∋#,&/−1&!&!#7/&!∗&/∆∋−&!1#−∃!&!7#∋!,−∗−/&(&:!#7/&!∋#7/∋−ΝΦ∃!7Χ!3∃(#!7#∋!∃;Ε#/∃!(#!&3,−4&ΝΦ∃!(∃!
&∋/−≅∃!αη:!3&∋Π≅∋&?∃!ν!(&!+ϕΥΓ!7#!#,&!?∃∋!/∃∋%&(&!36;,−4&!(#!∗&%#−∋&!&3∋∃3∋−&(&
!∗)
8!!
Υ#77&!?∃∋∗&:!&!+Κλ!&4&;∃2!3∃∋!∋#Ε#−/&∋!&!3∋#/#%7Φ∃!%−≅#∋−&%&!#!&4∋#74#%/∃2!Β2#!Ψ%Φ∃!
#ϑ−7/#!2∗&! ∃;∋−≅&ΝΦ∃! Ε2∋5(−4&! ≅#∋&,!(#!Β2#! ∃7! 97/&(∃7! 7#!∗&%/#%Ι&∗!−%?∃∋∗&(∃7!&4#∋4&!
(∃7! (#7#%1∃,1−∗#%/∃7! 4∃%7/−/24−∃%&−7! #! ,#≅−7,&/−1∃7! #∗! ∃2/∋∃7! 97/&(∃7! Β2#! 7Φ∃! ∃2! 7#!
/∃∋%&∋Φ∃!−∗3∃∋/&%/#7!3&∋&!&7!∋#,&ΝΟ#7!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7!(#77#7!97/&(∃7Ζ
!!∗
8!)#7/#!7#%/−(∃:!3&∋&!
&!+∃∋/#:!&3#%&7!∃!154−∃!4∃%4#∋%#%/#!Η7!(−73∃7−ΝΟ#7!3∋∃4#772&−7!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!∋#,&/−1&7!
Η!4∃%4,27Φ∃!(#!/∋&/&(∃7!3∃(#!4∃%(2Λ−∋!&!2∗!3∋∃4#77∃!(#!%2,−(&(#!(#7/#:!7#≅2%(∃!∃!3∋#1−7/∃!
3#,∃!&∋/−≅∃!ηγ!(&!+ϕΥΓ8!!
+∃%7#Β2#%/#∗#%/#:!∃! 7−∗3,#7!4∃%?,−/∃!#%/∋#!∃! 4∃%/#6(∃!(#!2∗&!%∃∋∗&! (#! (−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%∃:!∗#7∗∃! Β2#! (#! %&/2∋#Λ&!4∃%7/−/24−∃%&,:! #! 2∗! /∋&/&(∃:!%Φ∃! 3∃(#∋Π! 7#∋! ∃;Ε#/∃! (#!
!
!∗%
!/ΤΥ!Ε#;7!6γγ61!27!ρ6λ7!
!∗&
!θΩ4!3∋+.&)#!)#!∃&(∃!Ο&=ΗΘ#∃!#!∋=)#2#=)#=.#4#=.#!)(!(2+#∃#=.(Ηϑ∗! )#!2−#=∗∃!2∗)#+#∃1! ∃ϑ∗!;∗=∃∋)#+()∗∃!
+#2+#∃#=.(=.#∃!)∗! ∃#&!Ω∃.()∗π!(Μ!∗∃!/Φ#Ο#∃! )#! Ω∃.()∗1!∗∃! /Φ#Ο#∃! )#!Κ∗3#+=∗!#! ∗∃! Χ∋=∋∃.+∗∃!)(∃!Ε#−(ΗΘ#∃!
ΩΒ.#+∋∗+#∃1!2(+(!(!+#(−∋∴(Ηϑ∗!)#!.∗)∗∃!∗∃!(.∗∃!+#−(.∋3∗∃!β!;∗=;−&∃ϑ∗!)#!&4!.+(.()∗τ7!/∗=3#=Ηϑ∗!)#!∋#=(!∃∗:+#!
∗!8∋+#∋.∗!)∗∃!≅+(.()∗∃1!6ι!)#!4(∋∗!)#!ηϖσϖ1!(+.∋Ι∗!κζ1!2(+ΠΙ+(Ο∗!61!(−Σ=#(!θ(τ7!!
!∗∋
!Χ7!,∗.Φ#1!]µ(+.∋;−#!ρσ!)#!−(!/∗=3#=.∋∗=!)#!∋#==#!∃&+!−#!)+∗∋.!)#∃!.+(∋.∃1!;∗44#=.(∋+#!(+.∋;−#!2(+!(+.∋;−#1!
Τ=!α7!/∗+.#=!#.!∀7!_−#∋=1!,+&Β#−#∃1!,+&[−(=.1!6γγσ7!!
!∗(
!/ΤΥ!Ε#;7!6γγ61!27!ριγ7!!
!∗)
!/ΤΥ!Ε#;7!6γγ61!27!ριγ7!!
!!∗
!/ΤΥ!Ε#;7!6γγ61!27!ριγ7!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗#+(∃,)−.)(∗#/.#/)(.)0∗#)%0.(%∃1)∗%∃−#
#
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3( ∀=(>?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
∀!!
&3,−4&ΝΦ∃!(&!#ϑ4#ΝΦ∃!3∋#1−7/&!3#,∃!&∋/−≅∃!αη!(&!+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃!(#!ϕ−#%&!7∃;∋#!∃!Υ−∋#−/∃!(∃7!
Γ∋&/&(∃7:!&!%Φ∃!7#∋!Β2#!∃7!∋#Β2−7−/∃7!#ϑ4#34−∃%&−7!1#%Ι&∗!&!7#∋!(#1−(&∗#%/#!3∋##%4Ι−(∃7!
#! 3∋∃1&(∃78! ρ−%&,∗#%/#:! −%/2−=7#! Β2#! &! ∋#?#∋−(&! #ϑ4#ΝΦ∃! ∆! ,−∗−/&(&! &! 4−∋42%7/Μ%4−&7!
#73#45?−4&7! #! %Φ∃! #,−∗−%&! %#∗! 3∋#Ε2(−4&! ∃! 3∋−%453−∃! ;&7−,&∋! (&! 3∋−∗&Λ−&! (∃! (−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!%&!∃∋(#∗! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!(#1−(&∗#%/#! #7/&;#,#4−(∃!3#,∃! &∋/−≅∃!µ! (&!∗#7∗&!
+ϕΥΓ
!!!
8!!
!
)))#2#∃#ϑΕ<453489:#476;<7=>4:7=?#79:#3;Χ;#476;:Ε#=≅4=Ε∆=#
7:
!
! Υ−&%/#!(&!−%/#%ΝΦ∃!(#!7#!&3,−4&∋!2∗&!%∃∋∗&!−%/#∋%&!%&!#7?#∋&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!4&;#∋−&!
Η! Ε2∋−7(−ΝΦ∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! ∃! 7−∗3,#7! 3&3#,! (#! 4∃%7/&/&∋! 7#! /&,! %∃∋∗&! #7/Π! ∃2! %Φ∃! #∗!
4∃%?∃∋∗−(&(#!4∃∗!&7! (−73∃7−ΝΟ#7! Ε2∋5(−4&7! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&−78! Α77−∗:! 2∗&!1#Λ! 1#∋−?−4&(&! &!
−%&(#Β2&ΝΦ∃:!−%42∗;−∋Π! &! #,&! &3#%&7!(#4,&∋Π=,&!%Φ∃! 4&;51#,! %∃! 3,&%∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!ς&∋&!
#?#−/∃7!3∋Π/−4∃7:!7#∋−&!4∃∗∃!7#!/&,!%∃∋∗&!%Φ∃!#ϑ−7/−77#!∃2!?∃77#!(#73∋∃1−(&!(#!1&,∃∋!Ε2∋5(−4∃!
%∃!Μ∗;−/∃!%∃∋∗&/−1∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!Ξ∗! ;∃∗!#ϑ#∗3,∃! (#!/&,! 3∋#4#−/∃!3∃(#! 7#∋!∃;7#∋1&(∃!
%∃!4&7∃!ς−∗/Α−#( [∀3#∗3:! (#! ]φ⊥8! )#7/&! ∃4&7−Φ∃:! ∃!/∋−;2%&,!&∋;−/∋&,! (#/#∋∗−%∃2! Β2#! ∃7!
(−73∃7−/−1∃7! 4∃%7/−/24−∃%&−7! ∗#ϑ−4&%∃7! #∗! ∗&/∆∋−&! (#! 4∃%4#77Φ∃! (#! %&4−∃%&,−(&(#! %Φ∃!
3∃(#∋−&∗!7#! 7∃;∋#3∃∋! &∃! /∋&/&(∃! ?∋&%4∃=∗#ϑ−4&%∃8! )#7/#! 7#%/−(∃! ∃! /∋−;2%&,! &?−∋∗∃2! 7#∋!
−%4∃%/#7/Π1#,! &! 723#∋−∃∋−(&(#! (∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 7∃;∋#! ∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%∃! #:! &77−∗:!
∗#7∗∃!Β2#!&7!(−73∃7−ΝΟ#7! %&4−∃%&−7! %Φ∃! ?∃77#∗! (#73∋∃1−(&7! (#! 1&,∃∋! 3&∋&! ∃7! /∋−;2%&−7!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7:!#7/#7!%Φ∃!#7/&∋−&∗!&!#,&7!1−%42,&(∃7
!!∀
8!
! Κ7/∃!%Φ∃!7−≅%−?−4&!&!(#∋∋∃≅&ΝΦ∃!(&!%∃∋∗&!%∃!3,&%∃!−%/#∋%∃8!Α!%Φ∃!&3,−4&;−,−(&(#!(&!
%∃∋∗&!−%/#∋%&! ∆! ∋#7/∋−/&! &∃! 3,&%∃! %∃∋∗&/−1∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:! ∗&7! 72&! 1&,−(&(#! 3#∋∗&%#4#!
−%/∃4Π1#,!%∃!2%−1#∋7∃!Ε2∋5(−4∃!−%/#∋%∃8!Γ&,!3∋−%453−∃!(#4∃∋∋#!(∃!?&/∃!(#!Β2#!&!∃∋(#∗!Ε2∋5(−4&!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! (#1#! ∋#73#−/&∋! ∃! (∃∗5%−∃! ∋#7#∋1&(∃! (&! Ε2∋−7(−ΝΦ∃! −%/#∋%&
!!#
8! Ρ! 4&7∃!
6∗<(&! +∃∋/#! Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!(#!λ27/−Ν&(∆!−≅2&,∗#%/#! #74,&∋#4#(∃∋8! 97/#!4−(&(Φ∃!(#!
∃∋−≅#∗!&,#∗Φ!1#−∃!&!7#∋!%&/2∋&,−Λ&(∃!3#,∃!ς∋−%4−3&(∃! (#!∀−#4Ι/#%7/#−%:! &3#7&∋!(#! ∗&%/#∋!
∋#7−(7#2!4#%/∋∃!(#!%#≅Χ4−∃7!%&!ε2&/#∗&,&8!Ω#427&%(∃!∃!∋#4∃%Ι#4−∗#%/∃!(#!
!
!!!
!α7!8++1!_7!Ζ;Φ4(−#=:(;Φ1!∋#==(!/∗=3#=.∋∗=!∗=!.Φ#!](ε!∗Ο!.Φ#!≅+#(.∋#∃π!Ν!/∗44#=.(+[1!ς#∋)#−:#+Ι1!
Ζ2+∋=Ι#+1!6γη61!227!κκσΞκλγ7!
!!∀
!ΕΤΝΝ!∗−7!1!227!ιϖι7!!
!!#
!/(∃∗!)(!Τ=.#+2+#.(Ηϑ∗!)∗!Ω∃.(.&.∗!)∗!≅#++∋.δ+∋∗!)#!Χ#4#−!ΛΕ#∋=∗!<=∋)∗1!Γ+(=Η(1!Τ.Π−∋(1!Υ(2ϑ∗!37!]∋.&υ=∋(Μ1!
ηη!)#!(Ι∗∃.∗!)#!ηϖι61!/∀ΥΤ!Ζ>+∋#!Νχ,1!=ζ!ρϖ1!227!6ϖΞιγ7!!
1445(6789:7;8;!
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3(?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
/&,! %&4−∃%&,−(&(#! (2∋&%/#! &! Θ#≅2%(&! ε2#∋∋&! κ2%(−&,:! #7/#! 3&57! (&! Α∗∆∋−4&! +#%/∋&,!
7#Β2#7/∋∃2!∃7!;#%7!(#7/#!4−(&(Φ∃!#!∃!(#/#1#!4∃∗∃!−%−∗−≅∃8!Α!+∃∋/#!?∃−:!#%/Φ∃:!7∃,−4−/&(&!&!
(#4−(−∋!3∋#,−∗−%&∋∗#%/#! 7#:! %#7/#! 4&7∃:! ∀−#4Ι/#%7/#−%! 3∃(#∋−&! 72;7/−/2−∋!3∋∃4#772&,∗#%/#!
)∃//#;∃Ι∗! #! #%4&∗−%Ι&∋! 2∗&! (#∗&%(&! &! #,&:! #ϑ#∋4#%(∃:! &77−∗:! 72&! 3∋#∋∋∃≅&/−1&! (#!
3∋∃/#ΝΦ∃!(−3,∃∗Π/−4&8! 91−(#%/#∗#%/#:!&!3∃7−ΝΦ∃! (&! ε2&/#∗&,&!#∋&!4∃%/∋Π∋−&! &∃!#ϑ#∋454−∃!
(#77#!(−∋#−/∃:!(#?#%(#%(∃!&! 72&!−∗3∃77−;−,−(&(#!Ε2∋5(−4&! 7#≅2%(∃!∃!&∋≅2∗#%/∃!(#!Β2#! %&!
∋#&,−(&(#! )∃//#;∃Ι∗! %Φ∃! /−%Ι&! &! %&4−∃%&,−(&(#! (#! ∀−#4Ι/#%7/#−%8! 9∗;∃∋&! &! 3∃7−ΝΦ∃! (&!
+∃∋/#!/#%Ι&! 7−(∃!?&1∃∋Π1#,!Η!ε2&/#∗&,&:! ∃! Χ∋≅Φ∃!Ε2(−4−&,!#1−/∃2! 7#! 3∋∃%2%4−&∋!&4#∋4&!(&!
,#≅&,−(&(#! (&! ,#≅−7,&ΝΦ∃! (#! ∀−#4Ι/#%7/#−%!
!!∃
]( Α! +∃∋/#! 3∃7−4−∃%∃2=7#! 2%−4&∗#%/#! %&!
3#∋73#4/−1&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3&∋&!4∃%7−(#∋&∋!Β2#!&!%∃1&!%&4−∃%&,−(&(#!(#!)∃//#;∃Ι∗!%Φ∃!#∋&!
#?#/−1&!#:!3∃∋/&%/∃:!−%1Π,−(&!!∀#∃%∃!∀#!(&!ε2&/#∗&,&8!!!!!
Γ&,!3∋−%453−∃!7−≅%−?−4&! Β2#:!%&! #7?#∋&!Ε2∋5(−4&! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!∃! (−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃! (#1#!
7#∋!1−7/∃!&3#%&7!4∃∗∃!Ψ?&/∃Ζ!(#73∋∃1−(∃!(#!1&,∃∋!Ε2∋5(−4∃8!Α!+∃∋/#!ς#∋∗&%#%/#!(#!λ27/−Ν&!
Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!/∋&/∃2!(&!∗&/∆∋−&!%∃!4&7∃!∋#,&/−1∃!&!Φ−/α34∀9Λ#∀&(
[∗9∗3−#&!#!727/#%/∃2!Β2#!Ψ(∃!3∃%/∃!(#!1−7/&!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!#!(&!+∃∋/#!Β2#!∆!7#2!
Χ∋≅Φ∃:! &7! ,#−7! −%/#∋%&7! 7Φ∃! &3#%&7! ζ?&/∃7{! Β2#! #ϑ3∋#77&∗! &! 1∃%/&(#! #! 4∃%7/−/2#∗! &7!
&/−1−(&(#7!(∃7!97/&(∃7:!(&!∗#7∗&!?∃∋∗&!4∃∗∃!?&Λ#∗!&7!(#4−7Ο#7!Ε2(−4−&−7!∃2!&7!∗#(−(&7!
&(∗−%−7/∋&/−1&7Ζ
!!%
8!Α−%(&!Β2#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!/∋&/#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!4∃∗∃!7−∗3,#7!
?&/∃:!∆!%#4#77Π∋−∃!Β2#!&7!3&∋/#7!3∋∃1#∗!72&!#ϑ−7/
Η7!72&7!3∋Χ3∋−&7!&1#∋−≅2&ΝΟ#7
!!&
8!!
Θ#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!%Φ∃!#7/Π!∃;∋−≅&(∃!&!&4∃,Ι#∋!#∗!7#2!4&∗3∃!(#!&3,−4&ΝΦ∃!∃!
(−∋#−/∃!(∃∗∆7/−4∃:!4∃%7#Β2#%/#∗#%/#!%Φ∃! 4&;#∋Π!ΗΒ2#,#!Β2#! ∃!&3,−4&! −%/#∋3∋#/&∋!∃!(−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%∃8!+∃∗∃!;#∗!(#∗∃%7/∋∃2!∃!Γ∋−;2%&,!ς#%&,!Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3&∋&!&!#ϑ=Κ2≅∃7,Π1−&!%∃!4&7∃!
Ω9&εφ∀γ:! Ψ&! ∗#%∃7! Β2#! 2∗&! ∋#≅∋&! Ε2∋5(−4&! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! ∃! &2/∃∋−Λ#! #ϑ3∋#77&! ∃2!
−∗3,−4−/&∗#%/#:!∃7! Ε25Λ#7! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7!%Φ∃!3∃(#∗!−%/#∋3∋#/&∋! ∃! (−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!%∃! ,2≅&∋!
(&7!Ε2∋−7(−ΝΟ#7!∃2!&2/∃∋−(&(#7!&(∗−%−7/∋&/−1&7!%&4−∃%&−7Ζ
!!∋
8!!
Ρ;7#∋1&=7#:!4∃%/2(∃:!Β2#:!7#!3∃∋!2∗!,&(∃!&!Ε2∋−7(−ΝΦ∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!7#!1
(#!−%/#∋3∋#/&∋!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃:!3∃∋!∃2/∋∃!#,&!#7/Π!&3&∋#%/#∗#%/#!&2/∃∋−Λ&(&!&!1#∋−?−4&∋!7#!&!
4∃%(2/&! (#! 2∗! (#/#∋∗−%&(∃! 97/&(∃:! &∃! &≅−∋! (#! &4∃∋(∃! 4∃∗! 7#2! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%∃! #7/&∋Π!
!
!!∃
!/ΤΥ!Ε#;7!ηϖϕϕ1!227!6ϕΞ6σ7!
!!%
!/∀ΥΤ!Ζ>+∋#!Ν1!=ζ!γκ1!27!ηϖ7!!
!!&
!Τ7!,+∗ε=−∋#1!∀+∋=;Σ2∋∗∃!)#!8∋+#∋.∗!Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!∀9:−∋;∗1!]∋∃:∗(1!Γ&=)(Ηϑ∗!/(−∗&∃.#!Κ&−:#=ο∋(=1!ηϖϖκ1!27!
ϕ67!
!!∋
!≅∀ΤΤ1!,−(ο∋!Λθ](3(!(−−#[τΜ1!Τ≅ΞϖϕΞηρ1!ηϖϖσ1!27!ηηϕ67!!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗#+(∃,)−.)(∗#/.#/)(.)0∗#)%0.(%∃1)∗%∃−#
#
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3( ∀=(>?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
∀∀!
−≅2&,∗#%/#!&(∃/&%(∃!2∗!4∃∗3∃∋/&∗#%/∃!#∗!4∃%?∃∋∗−(&(#!4∃∗!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!)∃!
4&7∃!∋#,&/−1∃!&!Φ−/α3 3&(Β9[∗9∗3−#&:!&! +ςλΚ!,#∗;∋∃2! Β2#:!
∗#7∗∃!%Φ∃!7#%(∃!4Ι&∗&(&! &!−%/#∋3∋#/&∋!&! ,#≅−7,&ΝΦ∃!3∃,∃%#7&:!%&(&! 7#!∃32%Ι&!Η! &%Π,−7#!
&4#∋4&!(&! 4∃%?∃∋∗−(&(#! #%/∋#! &! &3,−4&ΝΦ∃! (#77&! ,#−!#!&7!∃;∋−≅&ΝΟ#7!(&! ς∃,>%−&! −∗3∃7/&7!
3#,&!+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃! (#! ε#%#;∋&! ∋#,&/−1&! Η! Α,/&! Θ−,∆7−&! (#! ]φ:! %∃! Β2#! (−Λ−&!∋#73#−/∃!Η!72&!
∋#,&ΝΦ∃!4∃∗!&!Α,#∗&%Ι&8!)#7/#!7#%/−(∃:!&!+ςλΚ!727/#%/∃2!Β2#!Ψ&!+∃∋/#!%Φ∃!∆:!4#∋/&∗#%/#:!
4Ι&∗&(&!&!−%/#∋3∋#/&∋!&!,#−!3∃,∃%#7&!4∃∗∃!/&,:!∗&7!%&(&!−∗3#(#!Β2#!7#2!Ε2,≅&∗#%/∃!7#!(
7∃;∋#!&!Β2#7/Φ∃!(#!7&;#∋!7#:!%&!&3,−4&ΝΦ∃!(#7/&!,#−:!&!ς∃,>%−&!#7/Π!&≅−%(∃!#∗!4∃%?∃∋∗−(&(#!
4∃∗!72&7! ∃;∋−≅&ΝΟ#7!3&∋&!4∃∗! &!Α,#∗&%Ι&!7∃;! ∃!#74∃3∃!(&! +∃%1#%ΝΦ∃!(#!ε#%#;∋&Ζ
!!(
8!
Ξ∗&!Β2#7/Φ∃!&(−4−∃%&,!#%/Φ∃!&3&∋#4#χ!2∗&!Ε2∋−7(−ΝΦ∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∃(#!/∋&/&∋!(#!Β2#7/Ο#7!
∋#,&/−1&7!&∃!(−∋#−/∃!(∃∗∆7/−4∃!(#!2∗!(#/#∋∗−%&(∃!97/&(∃τ!!
!
)∀# 2# %=3=# 4∆≅;3;# ΥΕ;# 3:45# .56=3:5# ;7>=∆47Π;∆# =# Ε∆=# ϑΕ<453489:#
476;<7=>4:7=?#Ε∆=#3;6;
!
Α(∗−/−∋! Β2#:! #∗! ∋#≅∋&! ≅#∋&,:! &! %∃∋∗&! −%/#∋%&! (#1#! 7#∋! #%/#%(−(&! 4∃∗∃! 7−∗3,#7!
Ψ?&/∃Ζ:!%Φ∃!7−≅%−?−4&!∋#4∃%Ι#4#∋!Β2#!∃7!/∋−;2%&−7!#!4∃∋/#7!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&−7!7#Ε&∗!∃;∋−≅&(∃7!&!
&;7/#∋=7#! (#! −%/#∋3∋#/&∋! ∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%∃! #∗! Β2&,Β2#∋! 4−∋42%7/Μ%4−&8! )&! ∋#&,−(&(#:! %&(&!
−∗3#(#! Β2#! (∃−7! 97/&(∃7! #%4&∗−%Ι#∗! &! 2∗&! Ε2∋−7(−ΝΦ∃! &∋;−/∋&,:! ∃2! ∗#7∗∃! Η! +∃∋/#!
Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! (#! λ27/−Ν&:! 2∗&! Β2#7/Φ∃! 3∋Χ3∋−&! &∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%∃:! 1−7&%(∃! (#/#∋∗−%&∋! ∃!
&,4&%4#!(&!&3,−4&ΝΦ∃!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!(∃∗∆7/−4∃!%&!#7?#∋&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!!
! Ρ! 4&7∃! (#! ]φφ! (&! +∃∋/#! ς#∋∗&%#%/#! (#! λ27/−Ν&! Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! ∋#,&/−1∃! &∃7!
Κ;./Λ#!4∃%/∋&5(∃7!%&!ρ∋&%Ν&:!,#1&(∃!Η!+∃∋/#!3∃∋!&4∃∋(∃!#73#4−&,!#%/∋#!&7!
3&∋/#7:! ∆! 2∗! ;∃∗! #ϑ#∗3,∃! (#! Β2#7/Ο#7! (#! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%∃! /∋&/&(&7! 3∃∋! 2∗&! Ε2∋−7(−ΝΦ∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!)#77#!4&7∃:!(−&%/#!(#!(−73∃7−ΝΟ#7!%∃∋∗&/−1&7!;∋&7−,#−∋&7!#!?∋&%4#7&7:!&!+∃∋/#!
/∋&/∃2!(&!∗&%#−∋&!4∃∗∃!∃!7#∋1−Ν∃!∋#,&/−1∃!&!#∗3∋∆7/−∗∃7!4∃%/∋&5(∃7!3#,∃!.∋&7−,!%&!ρ∋&%Ν&!
(#1#∋−&!7#∋!#?#/2&(∃:!7#!#∗!∗∃#(&!∃2!∃2∋∃:!&?−∋∗&%(∃!/&∗;∆∗!Β2#!Ψ2∗&!1#Λ!Β2#!&!+∃∋/#!
4Ι#≅∃2!Η!4∃%4,27Φ∃!(#!Β2#!∆!%#4#77Π∋−∃!&3,−4&∋!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!(#!2∗!97/&(∃!#73#45?−4∃:!
%Φ∃! ΙΠ! (61−(&7! &3&∋#%/#7! Β2#! #,&! (#1#! ;274&∋! &3,−4Π=,∃! 4∃∗∃! 7#∋−&! &3,−4&(∃! %#77#!
97/&(∃Ζ
!!)
8! Α! +ςλΚ! 4∃%4,2−:! %&! ∗#7∗&! ,−%Ι&! (#! ∋&4−∃45%−∃:! Β2#:! Ψ&3#7&∋! (#! ∃;∋−≅&(&! &!
&3,−4&∋!&!,#−!(∃∗∆7/−4&!Β2&%(∃!&7!4−∋42%7/Μ%4−&7!∃!∋#Β2#∋#∋#∗:!&!+∃∋/#:!Β2#!∆!2∗!/∋−;2%&,!
!
!!(
!/∀ΥΤ1!/#+.∗∃! Τ=.#+#∃∃#∃! Ν−#4ϑ#∃!=(! Ν−.(!Ζ∋−>∃∋(!∀∗−∗=#∃(! ΛΝ−#4(=Φ(! 37!∀∗−|=∋(Μ1! 6ϕ! )#!4(∋∗! )#!ηϖ6σ1!
/∀ΥΤ!Ζ>+∋#!Ν1!=ζ!γκ1!27!ηϖ7!
!!)
!/∀ΥΤ!Ζ>+∋#!Ν1!=ζ!6η1!27!η6ρ7!
1445(6789:7;8;!
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3(?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
(#!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! #! Β2#! 7#! 4∃%7−(#∋&! 4∃%Ι#4#∋! #7/#! (−∋#−/∃:! %Φ∃!∆!(#,&! #ϑ−≅−(∃! /#∋!
4−3&57#78!Γ2(∃!∃!Β2#!3∃(#!7#∋!(−/∃!&!#77#!∋#73#−/∃!∆!Β2#!
&!+∃∋/#!3∃(#:!#1#%/2&,∗#%/#:!7#∋!?∃∋Ν&(&!&!∃;/#∋! 4∃%Ι#4−∗#%/∃!7∃;∋#!&!,#−!∗2%−4−3&,!Β2#!
/#∋Π!(#!7#∋!&3,−4&(&8!9!−77∃!(#1#!7#∋!?#−/∃!7#Ε&!3∃∋!∗#−∃!(#!#1−(3#,&7!ς&∋/#7!
∃2!3∃∋!∗#−∃!(#!Β2&−7Β2#∋!3#7Β2−7&7!Β2#!&!+∃∋/#!Ε2,≅2#!4∃%1#%−#%/#!∋#&,−Λ&∋Ζ+
!∀∗
8!!
Ρ! ∗#7∗∃! 3∋−%453−∃! 3∃(#! 7#∋! ∃;7#∋1&(∃! %∃! Θ−7/#∗&! Κ%/#∋&∗#∋−4&%∃! (#! Υ−∋#−/∃7!
ι2∗&%∃7:!Β2#! &4∃,Ι#!4∃∗∃!#ϑ−≅ #7/&/2/Π∋−&!3&∋&!&! &/2&ΝΦ∃! Ε2∋−7(−4−∃%&,+∃!3∋−%453−∃!
(∃!#7≅∃/&∗#%/∃!(∃7!∋#42∋7∃7!−%/#∋%∃7
!∀!
8!Γ&,!3∋−%453−∃:!3∋#1−7/∃!%∃!&∋/−≅∃!αη:!3&∋Π≅∋&?∃!]ν:!
&,5%#&!Ψ&Ζ!(&!+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃!Α∗#∋−4&%&!7∃;∋#!Υ−∋#−/∃7!ι2∗&%∃7!3∋#13#/−ΝΦ∃!
∃2! 4∃∗2%−4&ΝΦ∃! &3∋#7#%/&(&! Η! +∃∗−77Φ∃! Κ%/#∋&∗#∋−4&%&! (#! Υ−∋#−/∃7! ι2∗&%∃7! 7#Ε&!
4∃%7−(#∋&(&!&(∗−7751#,:!∆!%#4#77Π∋−∃!ΨΒ2#!Ι&Ε&∗!7−(∃!−%/#∋3∃7/∃7!#! #7≅∃/&(∃7!∃7!∋#42∋7∃7!
(#! Ε2∋−7(−ΝΦ∃! −%/#∋%&:! (#! &4∃∋(∃! 4∃∗! ∃7! 3∋−%453−∃7! (#! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! ≅#∋&,∗#%/#!
4∃%Ι#4−(∃7Ζ
!∀∀
8!Κ77∃!7−≅%−?−4&!Β2#:!4∃%?∃∋∗#!7&,−#%/&(∃!3#,&!+∃∋/#!Κ%/#∋&∗#∋−4&%&!#∗!72&!
Ε.∀3∀1∗(Φ∗3#≅9ΘΘ:!(#!]φφ_:!/&%/∃!72&!&/2&ΝΦ∃!Β2&%/∃!&!(&!+∃∗−77Φ∃!Κ%/#∋&∗#∋−4&%&!
7Φ∃!(#3#%(#%/#7! (&! 4∃%7/&/&ΝΦ∃:! 3#,&! ∋#?#∋−(&! Ε2∋−7(−ΝΦ∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:! (&! &/2&ΝΦ∃!∃2!(&!
∃∗−77Φ∃!(&7!Ε2∋−7(−ΝΟ#7!−%/#∋%&7
!∀#
8!!
!
∀# 2# ∗# 34:∆:# Ο=6:# Θ;<=3:
476;<7=>4:7=?#
!
Ω#4∃%Ι#4#∋!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!4∃∗∃!Ψ?&/∃Ζ!%&!3#∋73#4/−1&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∃(#!/&∗;∆∗!
4∃%(2Λ−∋!&! 2∗&! 7−/2&ΝΦ∃! 3&∋&(∃ϑ&,8! Ξ∗&!%∃∋∗&! (#! (−∋#−/∃! (∃∗∆7/−4∃! 3∃(#:!%#7/#! 4&7∃:!
3∃772−∋! 3,#%∃! 1&,∃∋! Ε2∋5(−4∃! %∃! 3,&%∃! −%/#∋%∃:! &−%(&! Β2#! 7#Ε&! 4∃%/∋Π∋−&! &∃! (−∋#−/∃!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!9∗!∃2/∋&7!3&,&1∋&7:!7#!4∃%7−(#∋&∋∗∃7!&!&2/∃%∃∗−&!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!
∆! ∋&Λ∃Π1#,! &?−∋∗&∋! Β2#! &Β2−,∃! Β2#! 4∃%7/−/2−! 2∗&! 1−∃,&ΝΦ∃! (∃! (−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%∃! 3∃(#!
Ι−3∃/#/−4&∗#%/#!7#∋!&(∗−/−(∃!4∃∗∃!,54−/∃!%&!#7?#∋&!%∃∋∗&/−1&! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,:!&∃!3&77∃!Β2#!
&Β2−,∃!Β2#! ∆! 4∃%7−(#∋&(∃!−,54−/∃!3#,∃!(−∋#−/∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! 3∃(#:! #∗!/#7#:!%Φ∃!4∃%(2Λ−∋! &!
%#%Ι2∗&! 1−∃,&ΝΦ∃! (#! (−73∃7−/−1∃7! %∃∋∗&/−1∃7! (∃∗∆7/−4∃78! 9∗! /&,! 7−/2&ΝΦ∃:! ∃7! 3∃(#∋#7!
!
!∀∗
!/∀ΥΤ!Ζ>+∋#!Ν1!=ζ!6η1!27!η6ρ7!!
!∀!
!Ε7!Χ(;ο#=∴∋#ψ! /7! Ε∗4(=∗ψ!ν7!ΖΦ(=[1!≅Φ#! Χ(=&(−! ∗=! Τ=.#+=(.∋∗=(−! /∗&+.∃!(=)!≅+∋:&=(−∃1! 0∗3(! ν∗+ο1!
αΒΟ∗+)!<=∋3#+∃∋.[!∀+#∃∃1!6γηγ1!27!ικ67!
!∀∀
!/∗=3#=Ηϑ∗!Ν4#+∋;(=(!∃∗:+#!8∋+#∋.∗∃!ς&4(=∗∃1!66!)#!=∗3#4:+∗!)#!ηϖσϖ1!(+.∋Ι∗!ρσ1!2(+ΠΙ+(Ο∗!ηζ1!(−Σ=#(!
θ(τ!#!2(+ΠΙ+(Ο∗!6ζ7!
!∀#
!ΩΒ;#ΗΘ#∃!β! ΩΒ(&∃.ϑ∗!)∗∃! Ε#;&+∃∗∃!Τ=.#+=∗∃!ΛΝ+.∃7! ρσΛηΜ1!ρσΛ6ΜΛ(Μ! #!ρσΛ6ΜΛ:Μ!)(! /∗=3#=Ηϑ∗!Ν4#+∋;(=(!
∃∗:+#!8∋+#∋.∗∃!ς&4(=∗∃Μ!Λα2∋=∋ϑ∗!/∗=∃&−.∋3(!=ζ!ηη!)#!ηϖϖγΜ1!ηγ!)#!(Ι∗∃.∗!)#!ηϖϖγ1!2(+(7!λϕ7!!!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗#+(∃,)−.)(∗#/.#/)(.)0∗#)%0.(%∃1)∗%∃−#
#
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3( ∀=(>?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
∀#!
36;,−4∃7! −%/#∋%∃7! 4∃%/−%2&∋Φ∃! &! &3,−4&∋! %&/2∋&,∗#%/#! &! %∃∋∗&! −%/#∋%&! &! /∃(∃7! &Β2#,#7!
72;∗#/−(∃7! Η! 72&! Ε2∋−7(−ΝΦ∃:! 2∗&! 1#Λ! Β2#! /&,! %∃∋∗&! 7#∋−&! −%1Π,−(&! %&! 3#∋73#4/−1&!
−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!Α77−∗:!4∃%?∃∋∗#!(−73Ο#! ∃!&∋/−≅∃! βν!(∃!ς∋∃Ε#/∃! (#!Α∋/−≅∃7! (&!+∃∗−77Φ∃!(#!
Υ−∋#−/∃!Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!(&!Ρ)Ξ!7∃;∋#!&!Ω#73∃%7&;−,−(&(#!(∃7!97/&(∃7:!Ψ&!4&∋&4/#∋−Λ&ΝΦ∃!(#!
2∗!&/∃!(#!2∗!97/&(∃:!4∃∗∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,∗#%/#!−,54−/∃:!∆!∋#≅−(&!3#,∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,Ζ:!
7#%(∃!Β2#!Ψ/&,!4&∋&4/#∋−Λ&ΝΦ∃!%Φ∃!∆!&?#/&(&!3#,&!4&∋&4/#∋−Λ&ΝΦ∃!(∃!∗#7∗∃!&/∃!4∃∗∃!,54−/∃!
3#,∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃Ζ
!∀∃
8!!
97/#!#1#%/2&,! 4∃%?,−/∃! #%/∋#! &! −,−4−/2(#! %∃! 3,&%∃! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! #! %∃! 3,&%∃! −%/#∋%∃!
,#1&%/&!Β2#7/Ο#7!∋#,&/−1&7!&∃!&,4&%4#!(&!∋#73∃%7&;−,−(&(#!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!(∃!97/&(∃!1−∃,&(∃∋!
(#!(−73∃7−/−1∃!%∃∋∗&/−1∃8!Α!∋#≅∋&!≅#∋&,!∆!&!(#!Β2#!/&,!(−1#∋≅∆!72?−4−#%/#!
3&∋&! &! ≅#∋&ΝΦ∃! (&! ∋#73∃%7&;−,−(&(#! −%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8! Α! 7−∗3,#7! #ϑ−7/
−%/#∋%&!4∃%/∋Π∋−&!&∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!3∃(#!≅#∋&∋!2∗!−,54−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,
!∀%
8!Υ#!?&/∃:!
4∃∗∃!(#∗∃%7/∋&!&!Ε2∋−73∋2(
%&4−∃%&,:!3∃∋/&%/∃!,54−/∃!3#∋&%/#!#7/#!6,/−∗∃:!%Φ∃!∆!∗#%∃7!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,∗#%/#!−,54−/∃!7#!?∃∋!
4∃%/∋Π∋−∃!&∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,Ζ+
!∀&
8!Γ&,!4∃%4#−/∃!∆!&−%(&!4∃∗3,#∗#%/&(∃!3#,&!(#4−7Φ∃!(&!
+ςλΚ!%∃!4&7∃!(#!+#∋/∃7!Κ%/#∋#77#7!Α,#∗Φ#7!%&!Α,/&!Θ−,∆7−&!ς∃,∃%#7&!Β2&%(∃!&!+∃∋/#!(−73Ο#!
Β2#χ!Ψ3∃24∃!−∗3∃∋/&:!&!#7/#!∋#73#−/∃:!&7!(−7/−%ΝΟ#7!(∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!#%/∋#!∃7!(−1#∋7∃7!&/∃7!
Ε2∋5(−4∃7χ! 4∃%7/−/2−ΝΟ#7:! ,#−7:! (#4−7Ο#7! &(∗−%−7/∋&/−1&7! #! &/∃7! Ε2∋−7(−4−∃%&−7! 7Φ∃! /∃(∃7!
7−∗3,#7!ζ?&/∃7{!3#∋&%/#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,Ζ
!∀∋
8!
9%/∋#/&%/∃:!7#!%#7/#7! 4&7∃7!&! −,−4−/2(#!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,! #ϑ−7/#:!#,&! %Φ∃!(#1#∋−&! #%7#Ε&∋!
&2/∃∗&/−4&∗#%/#!&!∋#73∃%7&;−,−(&(#!(∃!97/&(∃8!Α!4∃%7/&/&ΝΦ∃!(&!−,−4−/2(#!#!∃!#%≅&Ε&∗#%/∃!
(&!∋#73∃%7&;−,−(&(#!7Φ∃:! #∗! ∋#≅∋&! ≅#∋&,:! (∃−7! 3∋−%453−∃7! (−7/−%/∃78!Ρ4∃∋∋#:! 4∃%/2(∃:! Β2#!
Ε2∋−73∋2( 14∃∋∋∃;∃∋&%(∃!2∗&! 3#∋73#4/−1&!∃3∃7/&!#! 3&77&∗!&!&(∗−/−∋! &!
−(#−&!(#!Β2#!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃!3∃(#!1−∋!&!7#∋!4∃%7−(#∋&(∃!?&/∃!≅#∋&(∃∋!(#!∋#73∃%7&;−,−(&(#8!
)#77#!7#%/−(∃:!&!+∃∋/#!Κ%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!(#!λ27/−Ν&!(#?−%−2:!%∃!4&7∃!=&ς/&3∋Ψ!Β2#!∃7!97/&(∃7!
Ξ%−(∃7!#∋&∗! ∋#73∃%7Π1#−7! 3#,&! 1−∃,&ΝΦ∃! (∃! &∋/−≅∃! βη! (&! +∃%1#%ΝΦ∃!(#! ϕ−#%&! 7∃;∋#! &7!
Ω#,&ΝΟ#7! +∃%72,&∋#7! #∗! (#4∃∋∋
−%(−15(2∃!3∋∃42∋&77#!#!∃;/−1#77#!&77−7/%∃7!/#∋∗∃7!(&!+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃8!)∃!4&7∃!
!
!∀∃
!/∗4∋∃∃ϑ∗!)#! 8∋+#∋.∗! Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−1! ∀+∗Ρ#.∗! )#! Ν+.∋Ι∗∃! ∃∗:+#!(!Ε#∃2∗=∃(:∋−∋)()#!)∗∃!Ω∃.()∗∃! 2∗+! Ν.∗∃!
Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−4#=.#!Τ−Σ;∋.∗∃1!η6!)#!)#∴#4:+∗!)#!6γγη1!(+.∋Ι∗!ιζ7!!
!∀%
!Ν7!∀#−−#.1!∀7!8(∋−−∋#+1!8∋+#∋.∗!Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−!∀9:−∋;∗1!]∋∃:∗(1!Γ&=)(Ηϑ∗!/(−∗&∃.#!Κ&−:#=ο∋(=1!ηϖϖϖ1!27!σλρ7!
!∀&
!Ζ7Ζ7!{∋4:−#)∗=1!Ε#∋=∗!<=∋)∗1! Γ+(=Η(1!Τ.Π−∋(!#!Υ(2ϑ∗!37!Ν−#4(=Φ(1!ηκ!)#! (Ι∗∃.∗!)#!ηϖ6ι1!/∀ΥΤ!Ζ>+∋#!Ν1!
=ζ!ηψ!Λ/∀ΥΤ17!!
!∀∋
!/#+.∗∃!Τ=.#+#∃∃#∃!Ν−#4ϑ#∃!=(!Ν−.(!Ζ∋−>∃∋(!∀∗−∗=#∃(1!Ν−#4(=Φ(!37!∀∗−|=∋(1!6ϕ!)#!4(∋∗!)#!ηϖ6σ1!/∀ΥΤ!Ζ>+∋#!
Ν1!=ζ!γκ1!27!ρ7!
1445(6789:7;8;!
!∀#∃%&∋()%∗+&,−&%∋(.−(/&%−&0∋(1∀0−%∀∗2&∋∀∗,3(1445(6789:7;8;3(?3(≅∗∀(.−(>9>9(
#∗!Β2#7/Φ∃:! (∃−7! %&4−∃%&−7! &,#∗Φ#7! ?∃∋&∗! 4∃%(#%&(∃7! Η! ∗∃∋/#! #! #ϑ#42/&(∃7! %∃! #7/&(∃!
&∗#∋−4&%∃!(∃!Α∋−Λ∃%&!#∗!]φφφ!7#∗!7#∋#∗!−%?∃∋∗&(∃7!(#!7#27!(−∋#−/∃7:!4∃%?∃∋∗#!∋#Β2#∋!&!
+∃%1#%ΝΦ∃!(#!ϕ−#%&!(#!]φηβ8!Α!+∃∋/#!∃;7#∋1∃2!Β2#!Ψ#,&!3∃(#!(#/#∋∗−%&∋!&!#ϑ−7/
2∗&!1−∃,&ΝΦ∃!(#!2∗&!∃;∋−≅&ΝΦ∃!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!Θ#!%#4#77Π∋−∃:!#,&!3∃(#!−≅2&,∗#%/#!727/#%/&∋!
Β2#!2∗&!,#−!−%/#∋%&!/#∗!7−(∃!&!4&27&!(#7/&!1−∃,&ΝΦ∃Ζ
!∀(
8!!
Γ&,! ?#%>∗#%∃! #ϑ4#34−∃%&,! 7#≅2#:! 3∃∋/&%/∃:! 2∗! ∋∃,! ,−∗−/&(∃! (#! #ϑ−≅
Κ%−4−&,∗#%/#:!∃!(−∋#−/∃!−%/#∋%∃:!3∋∃(2Λ−(∃!3∃∋!2∗!&/∃!#7/&/&,:!(#1#!∗&%−?#7/&∋!2∗&!4∃%(2/&!
1−∃,&(∃∋&!(#!%∃∋∗&!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,8!Γ&,!1−∃,&ΝΦ∃!(#1#!−≅2&,∗#%/#!≅#∋&∋!(&%∃8!ς∃∋!?−∗!(#1#=
7#!1#∋−?−4&∋!&!#ϑ−7/4&27&,!#%/∋#!&!4∃%(2/&!#!∃!(&%∃!3∋∃1∃4&(∃8!Γ&−7!∋#Β2−7−/∃7!
(#1#∗! 7#∋! 7−∗2,/&%#&∗#%/#! 7&/−7?#−/∃78! ς∃∋! ∃2/∋∃! ,&(∃:! ∃! #7/&;#,#4−∗#%/∃! (&!
∋#73∃%7&;−,−(&(#!−%/#∋%&4−∃%&,!#7/Π!,−∗−/&(∃!Η7!%∃∋∗&7!−%/#∋%&7!Β2#! ≅#∋&∗!3∋#Ε25Λ∃! &!2∗!
/#∋4#−∋∃!97/&(∃!∃2!&!2∗!(#!7#27!%&4−∃%&−7
!∀)
8!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!∀(
!/ΤΥ!Ε#;7!6γγη1!27!ϕηι7!!
!∀)
!/∗4∋∃∃ϑ∗!)#! 8∋+#∋.∗! Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−1! ∀+∗Ρ#.∗! )#!Ν+.∋Ι∗∃! ∃∗:+#! (! Ε#∃2∗=∃(:∋−∋)()#! )∗∃!Ω∃.()∗∃!2∗+!Ν.∗∃!
Τ=.#+=(;∋∗=(−4#=.#!Τ−Σ;∋.∗∃!;∗4!/∗4#=.Π+∋∗∃1!η6!)#!)#∴#4:+∗!)#!6γγη1!27!ϖη7!!
Get this document and AI-powered insights with a free trial of vLex and Vincent AI
Get Started for FreeUnlock full access with a free 7-day trial
Transform your legal research with vLex
-
Complete access to the largest collection of common law case law on one platform
-
Generate AI case summaries that instantly highlight key legal issues
-
Advanced search capabilities with precise filtering and sorting options
-
Comprehensive legal content with documents across 100+ jurisdictions
-
Trusted by 2 million professionals including top global firms
-
Access AI-Powered Research with Vincent AI: Natural language queries with verified citations
Unlock full access with a free 7-day trial
Transform your legal research with vLex
-
Complete access to the largest collection of common law case law on one platform
-
Generate AI case summaries that instantly highlight key legal issues
-
Advanced search capabilities with precise filtering and sorting options
-
Comprehensive legal content with documents across 100+ jurisdictions
-
Trusted by 2 million professionals including top global firms
-
Access AI-Powered Research with Vincent AI: Natural language queries with verified citations
Unlock full access with a free 7-day trial
Transform your legal research with vLex
-
Complete access to the largest collection of common law case law on one platform
-
Generate AI case summaries that instantly highlight key legal issues
-
Advanced search capabilities with precise filtering and sorting options
-
Comprehensive legal content with documents across 100+ jurisdictions
-
Trusted by 2 million professionals including top global firms
-
Access AI-Powered Research with Vincent AI: Natural language queries with verified citations
Unlock full access with a free 7-day trial
Transform your legal research with vLex
-
Complete access to the largest collection of common law case law on one platform
-
Generate AI case summaries that instantly highlight key legal issues
-
Advanced search capabilities with precise filtering and sorting options
-
Comprehensive legal content with documents across 100+ jurisdictions
-
Trusted by 2 million professionals including top global firms
-
Access AI-Powered Research with Vincent AI: Natural language queries with verified citations
Unlock full access with a free 7-day trial
Transform your legal research with vLex
-
Complete access to the largest collection of common law case law on one platform
-
Generate AI case summaries that instantly highlight key legal issues
-
Advanced search capabilities with precise filtering and sorting options
-
Comprehensive legal content with documents across 100+ jurisdictions
-
Trusted by 2 million professionals including top global firms
-
Access AI-Powered Research with Vincent AI: Natural language queries with verified citations
