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LA PRUEBA
La decisión final del Tribunal sobre el asunto requiere, por regla general, una reconstrucción de hechos (juicio de hecho), es decir, "las normas se aplican a unos hechos o éstos se subsumen en unas normas, deduciéndose una consecuencia jurídica"(748). Pues bien, la determinación de los hechos se consigue, entre otros instrumentos (p. ej. la notoriedad, el propio conocimiento del juez, etc.), mediante la prueba(749). "Se puede tener razón, pero si no se demuestra no se alcanzará procesalmente un resultado favorable. Las alegaciones que las partes realizan no suelen ser suficientes para convencer al juzgador, o para fijar los hechos, de la existencia del supuesto fáctico contemplado en la norma cuya aplicación se pide. Es precisa una actividad posterior para confirmar las afirmaciones de hecho realizadas por las partes en sus alegaciones. A esa actividad llamamos prueba"(750).
1.1. Concepto y objeto
El planteamiento que funda la existencia de la prueba en el proceso ante el Tribunal es el siguiente: en las alegaciones escritas (memoria, contramemoria y, en su caso, réplica y duplica) cada Estado parte expone y explica su historia de los hechos, es decir, tal como él quiere que figure su versión en el proceso. Y frente a las historias -versiones- presentadas por la parte actora y demandada el Tribunal para fallar tendrá que establecer su propia versión o el juicio de hecho como resultado del cual fijará formalmente la historia oficial de los hechos que le servirá de base para resolver el litigio. Obviando la riqueza semántica del término prueba (p. ej. período de prueba, actividad probatoria, hecho probado, etc.) la realidad es que el concepto de prueba trasciende al ámbito del Derecho procesal y se presenta como sinónimo de comprobación, verificación, etc. Por ello, en tanto que la forma del proceso es la contradictoria, la prueba es la actividad que desarrollan los Estados parte con el Tribunal de La Haya para alcanzar el convencimiento de la verdad o certeza de un determinado hecho o afirmación fáctica o para fijarlos como ciertos a los efectos del proceso que se está sustanciando.
Una vez definida la prueba deben valorarse los diferentes datos contenidos en la propia definición que se plasman en los siguientes términos actividad y verdad. En el proceso ante el Tribunal de La Haya, la prueba es una actividad que corresponde principalmente a las partes, aunque no sin el Tribunal. Ahora bien, el Tribunal podrá disponer de oficio que se realice una actividad probatoria (diligencias para mejor proveer)(751).
La prueba es una actividad de comprobación o verificación que tiene por finalidad la consecución de un conocimiento de lo que se afirma como cierto, pero también es una actividad de comparación o confrontación entre las afirmaciones realizadas por las partes sobre unos hechos y la realidad de los mismos. La conjunción de ambas circunstancias permiten presentar la prueba como una actividad encaminada a formar la convicción del juzgador o, en nuestro caso, del Tribunal.
La segunda cuestión a tratar es la relativa al término verdad. En el proceso ante el Tribunal de La Haya no se exige la adquisición de una certeza o convencimiento de la verdad de unos hechos que, en expresión anglosajona, vaya "más allá de toda duda razonable" (beyond any reasonable doubt), sino que la verdad debe ser entendida como una tan alta probabilidad que excluya la aceptación de lo contrario, es decir, será suficiente con el convencimiento moral de la verdad o certeza de un hecho, ya que la prueba no va encaminada a demostrar la verdad -realidad- del hecho(752).
El fin de la prueba es lograr el convencimiento del Tribunal de la verdad o certeza de un determinado hecho o afirmación fáctica o para fijarlos como ciertos a los efectos del proceso que se está sustanciando ante él. Por regla general se afirma que el objeto de la prueba son hechos, sin embargo, hay que matizar esta filmación, ya que la actividad probatoria recae sobre las afirmaciones de hechos o afirmaciones fácticas. En consecuencia, la prueba vendrá dada sobre el elemento fáctico o datos aportados al seno del proceso, esto es, las afirmaciones de las partes. Ahora bien, comúnmente, se utiliza el término hechos.
Los hechos objeto de prueba pueden ser fundamentales o accesorios. Los primeros son aquellos hechos que se corresponden de forma directa con el supuesto de hecho del precepto jurídico decisivo a la hora de resolver el fondo del proceso. Por exclusión, los hechos accesorios son los que no se ajustan...
- Libros y Revistas
- El proceso ante el Tribunal Internacional de Justicia
- Parte tercera. Teoría general del proceso ante el Tribunal Internacional de Justicia
- Título cuarto. Dinámica del proceso internacional
La determinación de los hechos: la prueba
Autor: | José B. Acosta Estévez |
Cargo del Autor: | Profesor de Derecho Internacional Público |
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Request your trial- Parte tercera. Teoría general del proceso ante el Tribunal Internacional de Justicia
- Título cuarto. Dinámica del proceso internacional
- Alegaciones iniciales
- La determinación de los hechos: la prueba
- Terminación del proceso
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