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- Capítulo Cuarto. Facultades y Funciones de la Autoridad Internacional de los Fondos Marinos. Marco Jurídico-constitucional
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Author | Esther Salamancas Aguado |
La Autoridad Internacional de los Fondos Marinos ('la Autoridad') es la organización por conducto de la cual los Estados partes en la Convención organizan y controlan las actividades en la Zona, particularmente con miras a la administración de sus recursos (art. 157.1; párr.1, Secc.1ª). La Autoridad tiene personalidad jurídica internacional y goza de la capacidad jurídica necesaria para el desempeño de sus funciones y el logro de sus fines (art. 176). Para su cumplimiento, tiene las facultades y funciones que expresamente se le confieren por la Convención y las facultades accesorias, compatibles con ella, que resulten implícitas y necesarias para el ejercicio de aquellas facultades y funciones (art. 157.2; párr. 1, Secc. 1ª).
Ahora bien, lo que en un principio parece una atribución amplia de poderes, se encuentra enormemente restringida en la práctica. El ámbito de la competencia de la Autoridad ha sido limitado por los Estados fundadores en función del espacio geográfico, de los recursos y de las actividades sobre los que ejerce sus funciones. Además, ante el temor de que haciendo uso de un excesivo poder discrecional la Autoridad pudiese interferir, por motivos políticos, en las actividades de explotación, los negociadores de la Convención establecieron disposiciones detalladas y precisas que dejaban poco o ningún margen de autonomía o discreción a su actuación
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Conviene recordar que la Autoridad es fruto de un compromiso político entre dos concepciones: la de los Estados industrializados, partidarios de una simple organización de coordinación, que se limitaría a otorgar licencias a los Estados partes y a las personas naturales y jurídicas o a concluir contratos con ellos; y la de los Estados en desarrollo, para quienes la Autoridad sería una organización de las llamadas fuertes con amplias funciones, que comprenderían no sólo la explotación directa y exclusiva de la Zona, sino también otras actividades y, entre ellas, la comercialización de los recursos con vistas a impedir la baja de los precios de los minerales de procedencia terrestre 2. Finalmente, la Autoridad quedó configurada en la Convención como una organización con amplias funciones pero con escaso poder y sin autonomía real frente a los Estados partes 3.
A pesar de ello algunas de sus características la convirtieron en uno de los ejemplos más avanzados de organización internacional de carácter universal 4. Se debe fundamentalmente a su facultad de adoptar decisiones...
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