Las críticas a la Corte Internacional de Justicia
Author | Luis Maria Boffi Boggeri |
Pages | 30--36 |
Page 30
Como adelantamos en líneas anteriores, numerosas voces autorizadas han formulado críticas a la Corte Internacional de Justicia. Sería tarea interminable la de enumerarlas aquí una tras otra. Es por ello que nos ha parecido mejor circunscribirnos a la mayor parte de las que llegaron en 1970 y 1971 al alto foro de las Naciones Unidas. Ellas alcanzan al irindo en que se designan los jueces, la estructura del organismo, las funcionesPage 31 asignadas y las actividades que la Corte ha desarrollado hasta el momento8.
Por cierto que no penetraremos en el tema previo del nombre judicial que ostenta un organismo privado de fundamentales elementos de la jurisdicción investida por los jueces, como la vocatio, propiedad claramente perceptible en quienes ejercen la competencia jurisdiccional obligatoria, etcétera. El problema es más importante que uno de terminología 9Page 32
Se ha impugnado a la Corte Internacional diciendo que no siempre privó el criterio adecuado para la designación de los jueces, habiendoPage 33 exhibido, se añade, mejor integración el Tribunal Permanente de Justicia Internacional. La elección, insístese, debe apartarse de las influencias nacionales, buscando más el criterio de "competencia profesional e integridad", así como estableciendo límites de edad para el nombramiento y el retiro. Las designaciones deben formalizarse, se agrega, en sesiones especiales y no en medio de las signadas por las pasiones políticas10.
En similar orden de ideas se hizo notar que la composición de la Corte no ha cambiado suficientemente con la evolución mundial, debiéndose preferir el criterio de representación de las culturas jurídicas y no el meramente geográfico, y ni siquiera el de los principales sistemas de derecho. Las cifras ofrecidas pocos años ha destacanPage 34 42 jueces designados, de los cuales 17 provenían de Europa, 14 de América, 8 de Asia y Australia y 3 de África 11.
Pasando a la estructura del organismo, el análisis crítico cobró distintos cauces. Por un lado, el instrumento constitutivo de la Corte se hallaría estrechamente inspirado por el Tribunal Permanente y hoy acusaría verdadera antigüedad. Incluso, se dijo, el propio organismo anunció la revisión de sus reglas. Por otro lado, se prefiere que los jueces actúen por 3 ó 5 años. Desde distinto punto de vista, asimismo, se estima indispensable la creación de Cortes regionales, con Salas que podrían juzgar sobre "hechos"12.
Si posamos ahora la atención en las críticas dirigidas a su actividad hemos de apreciar también distintos puntos de vista.
La Corte, se ha dicho, carece de la necesaria eficacia y ello mina su prestigio, porque no es titular de competencia jurisdiccional obligatoria y, además, porque los intereses particulares no tienen acceso a sus estrados 13.
Se observó también que el procedimiento se halla informado de lentitud y, aun reconociendoPage 35 que muchas veces las propias partes litigantes han dilatado los pasos procesales, eso redunda en perjuicio de una justicia razonablemente rápida y, por ello mismo, de auténtica calidad. Se ha llegado también a criticar con dureza algunas decisiones de la Corte, como los llamados South West África cases (Etiopía contra Sud África; Liberia...
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- ¿Está en crisis la Corte Internacional de Justícia?
- Prefacio
- El Centro de la Paz Mundial mediante el derecho
- Conferencias del Centro
- La Conferencia de Abidján
- El anhelo de la Justicia mundial y la época de transición
- La crisis moral
- La revolución moral
- Las críticas a la Corte Internacional de Justicia
- Reformas
- Reflexiones sobre el ser humano-mundo
- Hacia la organización mundial
- Una visita a La Haya
- Las reformas mediatas deben guiar a las inmediatas
- Actividad constructiva
- Exhortación final
- Apéndice Carta de las naciones unidas
- Estatuto de la corte internacional de justicia.
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