La Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos y el control de convencionalidad ¿Diálogo o dominio?
| Pages | 5-56 |
| Date | 01 January 2024 |
| Author | Walter Carnota |
| Subject Matter | Derecho Internacional |
Revista Internacional de Derechos Humanos / E-ISSN 2422-7188 / 2024 Vol.14, No. 1
revistaidh.org
The Inter-American Court of Human Rights
and Conventionality Control:
Dialogue or Dominance?
La Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos y el control de
convencionalidad: ¿Diálogo o dominio?
Walter Carnota1
Abstract: During the past seventeen years, the Inter-American Court
of Human Rights (IACtHR) based in San José, Costa Rica, has taken
substantial steps to ensure compliance with its decisions. It devised a
brand-new tool, known as ‘conventionality control’ (CC), which bears
some resemblance to the judicial review paradigm sketched out by the
U.S. Supreme Court in the famous Marbury v. Madison decision (1803). It
also has more immediate historical connections with ‘control of
community law’ exercised by the European Court of Justice (ECJ). CC
basically compels national judges to uphold both San José de Costa Rica
Treaty provisions and Inter-American Court of Human Rights case law.
1Ph.D. in Law (University of Buenos Aires), Professor of Institutions of Public Law and
Integration Law at the University of Buenos Aires, Academic Director of the Ph.D. in Law
at the National University of Lomas de Zamora.
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Carnota / The Inter-American Court of Human Rights… / 5-56
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This Court has stressed in the past the need for effective national
compliance of its rulings. Now domestic judges are not only bound by
their national constitutional and legislative framework, but also by the
Treaty and its supra-national interpretation. Tensions mount as Supreme
and/or Constitutional Courts are no longer in fact final, at least as far as
human rights are concerned. Sovereignty is blurred and constitutional
supremacy is jeopardized. Conventionality control discourse is linked to
the Latin American cultural and political traditions of ineffective judicial
oversight and lack of full enforcement of judicial decisions. However,
despite its will, the IACtHR will have to bolster its own political and even
administrative performance, if it wants to effectively impose this new
standard on national judicial bureaucracies.
Keywords: Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Conventionality
Control. Transnational Judicial Dialogue. Domestic Judiciaries.
Resumen: En los últimos diecisiete años, la Corte Interamericana de
Derechos Humanos tomó medidas adicionales para asegurarse el
cumplimiento de sus decisiones. Con ese objetivo ideó un nuevo
instrumento llamado ‘control de convencionalidad’ (CC), que se asemeja
al paradigma del control de constitucionalidad elaborado en la famosa
sentencia de Marbury c. Madison de 1803. Tiene también una conexión
más inmediata con el ‘control de comunitariedad’ que ejerce el Tribunal
Europeo de Justicia. El CC básicamente obliga a los jueces nacionales a
sentencial de la Corte Interamericana. Esta Corte ha enfatizado en el
pasado acerca de la necesidad del cumplimiento de sus sentencias.
6
Revista Internacional de Derechos Humanos / E-ISSN 2422-7188 / 2024 Vol.14, No. 1
revistaidh.org
Ahora, los jueces internos no sólo están vinculados por las constituciones
nacionales y el entramado legislativo, sino por el Pacto y su
interpretación supranacional. Los conflictos aumentan a medida que las
decisiones de los Tribunales Supremos y Constitucionales no son finales,
al menos en materia de derechos humanos. La soberanía se desdibuja y
la supremacía constitucional queda amenazada. El discurso del CC está
atado a las tradiciones culturales y políticas de América Latina de una
supervisión judicial ineficaz y de falta de cumplimiento de las decisiones
judiciales. Sin embargo, pese a su voluntad, la Corte Interamericana
tendrá que fortalecer su actuación tanto política como administrativa si
quiere imponer eficazmente este nuevo criterio en las burocracias
judiciales nacionales.
Palabras clave: Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos.
Control de Convencionalidad. Diálogo judicial transnacional. Tribunales
internos.
Recibido: 27.8.2023 Aceptado: 26.12.2023
Summary
1. Introduction
2. Historical Background
3. The Relevance of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
4. Origins and evolution of CC
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