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Consideraciones finales
Author | Milagros Álvarez Verdugo |
Profession | Profesora agregada de Derecho Internacional Público |
Pages | 101-106 |
Page 101
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El Derecho internacional vigente en materia de armas nucleares se ha caracterizado por la inexistencia de normas jurídicas generales de aplicación a todos los Estados. Pues bien, el análisis desarrollado permite afirmar la alteración de esta premisa, pues en virtud de la Resolución 1540 el Consejo de Seguridad ha establecido un régimen general mínimo en la materia aunque, esto sí, limitado a las cuestiones que en ella se indican. Régimen que incluye la regulación de ciertas condiciones de empleo de estas armas y también de aspectos relativos a la producción, desarrollo y almacenamiento de las mismas.
Consecuentemente, la Resolución 1540 establece una regulación mínima, pero hasta ahora inexistente, de aplicación a los Estados no vinculados por ninguna norma convencional, incluidos los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares no partes del TNP.
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Respecto a las obligaciones que impone la Resolución 1540 en materia de empleo de armas nucleares, éstas podrían encontrar una posible fundamentación jurídica en las conclusiones expresadas por la CIJ en su opinión consultiva sobre la legalidad de la amenaza o el uso de armas nucleares. En efecto, la posición de la Corte, limitando la posibilidad de utilización de armas nucleares a casos muy específicos de legítima defensa en los que esté en peligro la propia supervivencia del Estado, parecería excluir cualquier otro supuesto de em- Page 102 pleo de estas armas, incluida la utilización de las mismas por entidades o sujetos no estatales sea cual sea el objetivo que persiguieran o las razones que les llevara a su utilización.
Desde esta perspectiva, la Resolución 1540 vendría a precisar las obligaciones que pesan sobre los Estados para evitar dicho empleo de armas nucleares. Primero una obligación de comportamiento: abstenerse de suministrar cualquier tipo de apoyo a los agentes no estatales que traten de emplear este tipo de armas. Segundo, la obligación de adoptar y aplicar leyes internas que prohíban a los agentes no estatales el empleo de las mismas. Ahora bien, la comparación entre estas obligaciones y los convenios internacionales sobre delitos de carácter internacional relacionados con el empleo de armas o materiales nucleares revela diferencias que pueden dar lugar a dificultades de aplicación conjunta. Específicamente, la noción de agente no estatal que retiene la Resolución 1540 excluye no sólo a las fuerzas militares de un Estado (única excepción prevista en el ámbito de...
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- Incidencia del Consejo de Seguridad sobre el régimen jurídico de las armas nucleares
- Presentación
- Introducción
- Nociones previas: arma nuclear y agente no estatal
- Las obligaciones jurídicas internacionales relativas al empleo de armas nucleares
- Las obligaciones jurídicas internacionales relativas a la existencia de armas nucleares
- Consideraciones finales
- Anexo: Resolución 1540 (2004) del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas
- Bibliografía citada
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