Capítulo VII. La transparencia fiscal en el contexto de los otros instrumentos contra el diferimiento tributario
| Pages | 55-66 |
| Author | César García Novoa |
CAPÍTULO VII
LA TRANSPARENCIA FISCAL EN EL CONTEXTO
DE LOS OTROS INSTRUMENTOS CONTRA
EL DIFERIMIENTO TRIBUTARIO
El modelo de transparencia scal internacional o CFC de Estados Unidos,
tiene dos notas distintivas. Se inserta dentro de los mecanismos antidiferimien-
to, siendo el más importante, pero no el único de los mismos. Y se aplica a cual-
quier sociedad controlada en un Estado de tributación reducida y cuyo activo
esté integrado mayoritariamente por inmuebles y/o valores mobiliarios. Ambos
serían signos diferenciadores de lo que Sanz Gadea denomina modelo nortea-
mericano de la transparencia scal internacional, frente al europeo 1.
Así, entre el arsenal de medidas antideferimiento propias de la scalidad
de Estados Unidos, destaca desde los años sesenta, como dijimos, la trans-
parencia scal, que ha sido completado con otros instrumentos contra el tax
deferral. Y su aplicabilidad es general, siendo muy habitual referir estos me-
canismos a la constitución en Estados Unidos de Limited Liability Company
(LLC) empleadas como holding, sobre todo para vehiculizar inversiones en
países con impuestos a la renta de base territorial, como Panamá o Paraguay.
Las LLC cuentan con la ventaja de recibir por defecto (default tax treatment) el
tratamiento de pass-through entity o transparencia scal (disregarded entity),
pudiendo optar por ser tratadas como una corporación mediante la presentación
de la format 8832 2.
Ser tratada legalmente como una disregarded entity supone que la LLC
no tiene personalidad scal en Estados Unidos y, por consiguiente, no tri-
1 E. S G, Transparencia Fiscal Internacional, op. cit., p. 18.
2 Si la LLC es de un solo miembro, la regla es la inversa: es una entidad transparente a menos que
presente el Formulario 8832 y elija ser tratada como una corporación.
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