Border externalisation and Human Rights: upholding the right to life in the Mediterranean Sea

Pages101-123
AuthorLorena Mª Calvo Mariscal
— 101 —
5.
Border externalisation and Human Rights:
upholding the right to life in the Mediterranean Sea
L Mª C M*
Sumario: I. Introduction: the dynamics of migration at Europe´S southern border and the EU
response. – II. European Union, Member States and externalisation of migration
management in cooperation with third countries.–III. Externalisation and european
values: the standard of due diligence in the migration management in the Central
Mediterranean–IV. Respecting the duty of due diligence in the new european model
of border externalisation in the Central Mediterranean route.–V. Conclusions
RESUMEN
This chapter examines the European Union’s new model of border externalisation in
the Central Mediterranean route, with a particular focus on the human rights implications of
cooperation with third countries such as Libya and Tunisia. It explores how the externalisation
of migration control functions beyond EU territory, in practice, leads to the delegation of
responsibilities to third-country authorities with poor human rights records. The analysis
* Centro de Excelencia Jean Monnet “Inmigración y Derechos Humanos en las Fronteras Exteriores
Europeas”-Centre of Excellence “Migration and Human Rights in Europe’s External Borders”.
Research conducted within the framework of the R&D Project funded by the Spanish Ministry of
Economy and Competitiveness, «Inmigración marítima, Seguridad y protección de valores europeos en la
región del Estrecho de Gibraltar», PID2020-114923RB-100, I.P. Dr. Miguel Acost a Sánchez. This work has
also been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under grant “Hacia una
geoestrategia y política exterior de España y la UE para la región del Estrecho: Gibraltar, Ceuta y Melilla,
Marruecos y el Sahara Occidental”, PID2023-149810NB-I00, I.P. Dr Inmaculada González García. Research
Group «Centro de Estudios Internacionales y Europeos del Área del Estrecho» –SEJ 572, from the Andalusian
Research Plan, led by Dr. Alejandro del Valle Gálvez.
L Mª C M
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is framed around the due diligence standard derived from international human rights law,
highlighting how the EU and its Member States remain bound by legal obligations to protect
life and prevent inhumane treatment, even when their actions are implemented indirectly
or extraterritorially. Drawing on recent developments in international case law and reports
by human rights bodies, the chapter argues that European States may bear responsibility for
violations occurring as a result of their support to third-country actors, particularly where
foreseeable risks are not mitigated and adequate safeguards are lacking. Ultimately, the chapter
calls for binding accountability mechanisms and a reorientation of EU migration policy to align
with the foundational values of the EU.
Keywords : European Union, border externalisation, human rights, due diligence, right to
life, cooperation with third States
ABSTRACT
Este capítulo aborda el nuevo modelo de externalización de fronteras de la Unión Europea
en la ruta del Mediterráneo Central, centrándose especialmente en las implicaciones para los
derechos humanos de la cooperación con terceros países como Libia y Túnez. Se analiza cómo
la externalización de las funciones de control de la migración fuera del territorio de la UE
conduce, en la práctica, a la delegación de responsabilidades en autoridades de terceros países
con bajo índice de respeto de los derechos humanos. El análisis se enmarca en torno al estándar
de diligencia debida derivada del Derecho internacional de los derechos humanos, poniendo
de relieve cómo la UE y sus Estados miembros siguen estando vinculados por obligaciones
jurídicas de protección de la vida y prevención de tratos inhumanos, incluso cuando sus acciones
se ejecutan de forma indirecta o extraterritorial. Basándonos en la evolución reciente de la
jurisprudencia internacional y en los informes de los órganos de derechos humanos, la presente
contribución sostiene que los Estados europeos pueden ser responsables de las violaciones que se
produzcan como consecuencia de su apoyo a agentes de terceros países, en particular cuando no
se reducen los riesgos previsibles y se carece de salvaguardias adecuadas. Se sostiene igualmente
la necesidad de que existan mecanismos vinculantes de responsabilidad y una reorientación de la
política migratoria de la UE para alinearla con los valores fundacionales de la UE.
Palabras clave: Unión Europea, externalización de fronteras, derechos humanos,
diligencia debida, derecho a la vida, cooperación con terceros países.
I. INTRODUCTION: THE DYNAMICS OF MIGRATION AT EUROPE’S
SOUTHERN BORDER AND THE EUROPEAN UNION RESPONSE
Over nine years have now passed since the so-called refugee crisis of 2015, which
saw the massive and sudden arrival of more than one million migrants and refugees
at Europe’s external borders. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February
2022, millions of people have again reached European territory to flee the horrors
of war. These two situations have different origins and have received a differentiated

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