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- Capítulo Cuarto. Facultades y Funciones de la Autoridad Internacional de los Fondos Marinos. Marco Jurídico-constitucional
Facultades accesorias: La tributación de poderes implícitos
Author | Esther Salamancas Aguado |
El deseo de sujetar la Autoridad a límites jurídicos estrictos tiene su principal reflejo en el párrafo 2 del artículo 157, reproducido en el párrafo 1 de la Sección 1ª del Anexo al Acuerdo. La ambigüedad de esta disposición se debe al compromiso entre los Estados industrializados y los Estados en desarrollo en torno a la atribución de facultades y funciones a la Autoridad 114. En un primer momento atribuye a la Autoridad 'las facultades y funciones que expresamente se le confieren por la Convención'. Esta frase no tiene precedente en los tratados constitutivos de otras Organizaciones Internacionales, parece eliminar la posibilidad de que la Autoridad actúe a través del ejercicio de poderes implícitos y le permite hacer sólo lo que esté expresamente autorizado por la Convención 115.
A continuación, y contradiciendo la interpretación anterior añade: 'tendrá también las facultades accesorias, compatibles con la Convención, que resulten implícitas y necesarias para el ejercicio de aquellas facultades y funciones con respecto a las actividades en la Zona'. La doctrina ha entendido que con la formulación antes descrita se trata de prevenir que la Autoridad haga un uso amplio de los poderes implícitos 116. Por competencias o poderes implícitos cabe entender 'des compétences qui ne sont pas expressément données à l’Organisation par sa charte fondamentale ou quelque autre texte pertinent, mais dont l’existence se déduit naturellement des termes de ces actes internationaux' 117.
Se trata, a nuestro juicio, de un esfuerzo innecesario ya que la noción de competencias implícitas, explica CARRILLO SALCEDO, permite ir más allá de lo expresamente previsto en la letra del tratado fundacional, interpretado praeter legen, y sirve de base para el despliegue de la facultad de autoorganización de las organizaciones internacionales. Aunque dicha noción no autoriza a contradecir lo dispuesto en el tratado fundacional, en una interpretación contra legen del mismo, so pena de poner en cuestión el delicado equilibrio jurídico-constitucional previsto en el tratado constitutivo y la eficiencia misma de la organización internacional, en la que los Estados Miembros han de ver un instrumento para la cooperación institucionalizada y permanente y no un instrumento contra sus intereses 118.
Por lo tanto, parece que el párrafo 2 del artículo 157 es una disposición superflua, incluso si su inclusión responde, como explicó el informe sobre las negociaciones en la Primera...
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- Capítulo Cuarto. Facultades y funciones de la autoridad internacional de los fondos marinos. Marco jurídico-constitucional
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- Facultades accesorias: La tributación de poderes implícitos
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