H
Author | Ramón R Abarca Fernández |
Pages | 36-38 |
Page 36
Habeas corpus o Habeas corpus ad suficiendum, etc.: Palabras con que comienza el auto de comparecencia. Derecho de todo ciudadano, detenido o preso, a comparecer inmediata y públicamente ante un juez o tribunal, para que, oyéndoles, resuelva si su arresto fue o no legal, y si debe alzarse o mantenerse. Es frase usada en Inglaterra, y hoy admitida en nuestro idioma. En derecho político, célebre garantía, consignada en una ley constitucional inglesa, a favor de la libertad de los individuos.
El abuso del poder ejecutivo y de los señores, que retenían en prisión por largo tiempo a las personas sin causa suficiente o demoraban en ventilar judicialmente el asunto, procedimiento empleado con frecuencia para privar al pueblo de sus caudillos, fueron causa de que, desde antiguo, se admitiese el acudir al Tribunal del Banco del Rey para que éste expidiese un mandamiento (que no podía negar) a fin de que la persona que tuviera detenida o en custodia a un súbdito inglés, lo condujera a la presencia del juez, a fin de que éste, examinando el asunto, absolviera o pusiera en libertad al detenido u ordenara que continuase la detención. Tal mandamiento se llamó habeas corpus porque la fórmula principal del mismo se expresaba con las palabras: Habeas corpus ad suficiendum.
Pero este remedio no alcanzaba a los casos en que la detención se hubiese realizado por una orden especial del rey, de su consejo privado o de los lores que componían éste, por lo que el Parlamento ordenó en el BILL llamado petición de derechos, aprobado en 1628, que nadie pudiese ser detenido en custodia a consecuencia de tales arrestos; pero los jueces eludieron el cumplimiento de este BILL, oponiendo largas dilaciones con pretexto de examinar los motivos de la detención.
Habemus confitentem reum: Tenemos al reo convicto y confeso. Frase debida a Cicerón en Pro Ligario y que en lenguaje forense se emplea para designar al reo que ha confesado su delito. Familiarmente se aplica al que, sin ser criminal, reconoce y confiesa su falta.
Habemus luxuriam atque avaritiam, publicem egestatem, privatim opulentiam: Estamos poseídos del lujo y de la avaricia, en público la pobreza, la opulencia en privado. Palabras que los historiadores atribuyen a Marco Porcio Catón, llamado el Censor (234-149 a.C.) que sintetizó en ellas la corrupción de Roma.
Habemus Pontificem: Tenemos Pontífice. Es una parte de la fórmula ritual con que el Presidente del cuerpo Cardenalicio anuncia al pueblo la...
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