Introducción
Author | Esperanza Orihuela Calatayud |
Uno de los problemas a los que debe enfrentarse el órgano de aplicación de un tratado internacional es saber si el supuesto que se plantea, atendiendo al momento en que se produce, queda incluido dentro de los límites temporales del tratado.
La determinación de estos límites -inicial y final- entre los que ha de desenvolverse la aplicación del tratado es tarea que compete a los negociadores, que pueden, en relación con su efecto inicial, escoger la solución que consideren más favorable entre todo el abanico de posibilidades que puede imaginarse desde la retroactividad más absoluta hasta su aplicación sólo desde un momento posterior al de su entrada en vigor.
Ahora bien, como no siempre los negociadores llevan a cabo esta tarea, o como no siempre la acometen con absoluta perfección y precisión, el Derecho Internacional ofrece una norma, la contenida en el artículo 28 de la Convención de Viena sobre Derecho de los tratados1, que recoge el principio general de la irretroactividad de las disposiciones convencionales. Esta regla, aunque de gran trascendencia práctica, no resuelve, por la generalidad de su enunciado y su limitado alcance, todos los problemas que la aplicación de un tratado en el tiempo puede plantear.
El punto de partida de este trabajo ha sido la norma enunciada en el artículo 28 de la Convención de Viena sobre Derecho de los Tratados. Su limitado alcance, en cuanto a la regulación de los problemas relacionados con la aplicación en el tiempo de las disposiciones convencionales, hace que las reflexiones y análisis que van a ser objeto de este estudio estén centradas única y exclusivamente en el efecto inicial de las disposiciones convencionales y no en el otro límite temporal, el final, ligado a las causas de crisis de los tratados, que por su amplitud, peculiaridades, variedad de soluciones que aporta la práctica internacional....., resulta merecedor de un tratamiento separado2.
El análisis del efecto inicial de las disposiciones convencionales tiene como finalidad esencial determinar el régimen de su aplicación temporal - retroactividad, irretroactividad u otros- respecto del momento en el cual esas disposiciones comienzan a desplegar efectos jurídicos. Para ello resulta imprescindible conocer el alcance temporal que dicha aplicación presenta. De ahí que la concreción del momento a partir del cual resultan aplicables las disposiciones convencionales, la determinación de su alcance temporal y la calificación del régimen de aplicación temporal constituyan las principales cuestiones a tratar en esta ocasión y a las que se hará referencia a lo largo del trabajo.
En los comienzos de este deambular por los vericuetos del efecto inicial de las disposiciones convencionales, la curiosidad estuvo centrada en saber si el principio de irretroactividad contenido en la norma es de aplicación generalizada o si por el contrario los negociadores de un tratado internacional redactan, y con qué frecuencia, cláusulas al...
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- Los tratados internacionales y su aplicacion en el tiempo
- Abreviaturas utilizadas
- La aplicación de las disposiciones convencionales en el tiempo y el artículo 28 de la convención de Viena
- Introducción
- La voluntad de las partes y el efecto inicial de las disposiciones convencionales
- La regla de Viena para la determinación del efecto inicial de los tratados y disposiciones convencionales
- El efecto inicial de los tratados y disposiciones sobre arreglo pacífico de las controversias
- Conclusiones
- Anexos
- Bibliografía citada
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